Seismic Behavior of a Concrete Rocking Wall with Controllable SMA Dampers: Concept and Experimental Evaluation
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 12
Abstract
To reduce the structural damage in mainshocks–aftershocks and improve the repair speed after a mainshock, two types of controllable shape memory alloy (SMA) dampers (CSDs) with different configurations based on the specific thermomechanical properties of shape memory alloys and a novel rocking wall system with CSDs (RWCSD) were proposed in this paper. Five quasi-static tests were successively conducted on the rocking wall specimen to evaluate the seismic performance of RWCSD under multiple earthquakes. The test results showed that the specimen maintained relatively stable self-centering and deformation capacity. Simultaneously, the crystallin forms change of the SMA core in dampers effectively compensated for the performance degradation caused by mainshock, and the strengthening effect of CSDs on the structural strength was obvious. The RWCSD possessed the function of strengthening structural load-carrying capacity under aftershocks, which suggested the systematic design methodology was appropriate for further research.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (No. BK20231429), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52278154), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2242024RCB0008), as well as support from the program of Zhishan Young Scholar of Southeast University.
References
Abavisani, I., O. Rezaifar, and A. Kheyroddin. 2021. “Multifunctional properties of shape memory materials in civil engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review.” J. Build. Eng. 44 (Dec): 102657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102657.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2005. Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary. ACI 374.1. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2009. Requirements for design of a special unbonded post-tensioned precast shear wall satisfying ACI ITG-5.1(ACI ITG-5.2-09) and commentary. ACI ITG-5.2-09. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Acceptance criteria for special unbonded post-tensioned precast structural walls based on validation testing and commentary. ACI 550.6-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC. 2010. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. AISC 341-10. Chicago: AISC.
Cao, X. Y., D. J. Shen, D. C. Feng, C. L. Wang, Z. Qu, and G. Wu. 2022. “Seismic retrofitting of existing frame buildings through externally attached sub-structures: State of the art review and future perspectives.” J. Build. Eng. 57 (Oct): 104904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104904.
Chinese Standard. 2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. GB 50011. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
Chinese Standard. 2015a. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature. GB/T 228.2. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Chinese Standard. 2015b. Specification for seismic test of buildings. JGJ/T 101. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
Chinese Standard. 2016. High-carbon chromium bearing steel. GB/T 18254. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Chinese Standard. 2019. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties. GB/T 50081. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
Chinese Standard. 2021. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. GB/T228.1. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Davarnia, D., S. H. Cheng, and N. Van Engelen. 2023. “Effect of training on the cyclic behaviour of SMA wire.” Smart Mater. Struct. 32 (8): 085013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ace143.
Fan, M., H. C. Guo, S. Li, Y. Q. Han, and Y. H. Pan. 2023. “Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of NiTi-SMA bars.” Structures 58 (Dec): 105425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105425.
Gong, Z. H., H. R. Shi, J. Zhang, C. L. Wang, and S. P. Meng. 2023. “Hysteretic behavior of SMA energy dissipater with shape memory effect induced by heating recovery.” J. Build. Eng. 68 (Jun): 106181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106181.
Grigorian, C. E., and M. Grigorian. 2016. “Performance control and efficient design of rocking-wall moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001411.
Gu, T. Y., S. Yang, D. Z. Guan, and L. J. Jia. 2021. “Analytical model for local bulging failure of mini-BRBs with circular restraint tubes.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 183 (Aug): 106722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106722.
Guan, D., Z. Peng, Y. Lin, J. Liu, and L. Zhang. 2023a. “Development and seismic performance of precast rocking walls with multiple steel energy dissipaters.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 19 (Dec): e02304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02304.
Guan, D. Z., S. H. Li, S. Yang, J. B. Liu, Z. X. Guo, and Y. Wang. 2023b. “Seismic performance study on a precast double-skin composite wall with circular CFSTs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 200 (Jan): 107677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107677.
Guan, D. Z., S. Yang, Y. Liu, H. B. Ge, and Z. X. Guo. 2020a. “Concept and behaviour of all-steel miniature bar-typed structural fuses with torsional effect.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 164 (Jan): 105795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105795.
Guan, D. Z., S. Yang, Z. Wang, L. J. Jia, Z. X. Guo, and H. B. Ge. 2020b. “Concept and behaviour of miniature bar-typed structural fuses with eccentricity.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 166 (Mar): 105923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105923.
Guo, T., L. Wang, Z. K. Xu, and Y. W. Hao. 2018. “Experimental and numerical investigation of jointed self-centering concrete walls with friction connectors.” Eng. Struct. 161 (Apr): 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.028.
Guo, T., G. D. Zhang, and C. Chen. 2014. “Experimental study on self-centering concrete wall with distributed friction devices.” J. Earthquake Eng. 18 (2): 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.844211.
Hamid, N. H., and J. B. Mander. 2010. “Lateral seismic performance of multipanel precast hollowcore walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (7): 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000183.
Henke, M., and G. Gerlach. 2016. “Mono- and bi-stable planar actuators for stiffness control driven by shape memory alloys.” Sens. Actuators, A 238 (Feb): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.11.021.
Holden, T., J. Restrepo, and J. B. Mander. 2003. “Seismic performance of precast reinforced and prestressed concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (3): 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:3(286).
Ji, J. H., Z. Q. Dong, Z. Q. Liu, Y. Sun, H. Zhu, G. Wu, and C. K. Soh. 2023. “Feasibility of using Fe-SMA rebar as cracking resistance spiral stirrup in the anchorage zone of post-tensioned prestressed concrete.” Structures 48 (Feb): 823–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.01.011.
Kang, L. P., H. Qian, Y. C. Guo, C. Y. Ye, and Z. Li. 2020. “Investigation of mechanical properties of large shape memory alloy bars under different heat treatments.” Materials 13 (17): 3729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173729.
Kim, H.-J., and H.-G. Park. 2022. “Cyclic loading test for composite walls with U-shaped steel boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (1): 04021241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003217.
Kurama, Y., S. Pessiki, R. Sause, and L. W. Lu. 1999. “Seismic behavior and design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” PCI J. 44 (3): 72–89. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.05011999.72.89.
Kurama, Y. C. 2000. “Seismic design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls with supplemental viscous damping.” ACI Struct. J. 97 (4): 648–658. https://doi.org/10.14359/7431.
Kurama, Y. C. 2002. “Hybrid post-tensioned precast concrete walls for use in seismic regions.” PCI J. 47 (5): 36–59. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09012002.36.59.
Kurama, Y. C., S. Sritharan, R. B. Fleischman, J. I. Restrepo, R. S. Henry, N. M. Cleland, S. K. Ghosh, and P. Bonelli. 2018. “Seismic-resistant precast concrete structures: State of the art.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (4): 03118001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001972.
Li, Y., R. Song, and J. W. Van De Lindt. 2014. “Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (12): 04014095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001019.
Liu, J. B., Z. H. Peng, D. Z. Guan, and Y. Lin. 2023. “Experimental investigation of precast rocking walls incorporating tension-compression and shear steel energy dissipaters.” Appl. Sci. 13 (15): 8817. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158817.
Lu, X., X. Dang, J. Qian, Y. Zhou, and H. Jiang. 2017. “Experimental study of self-centering shear walls with horizontal bottom slits.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (3): 04016183. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001673.
Lu, X. L., B. Y. Yang, and B. Zhao. 2018. “Shake-table testing of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete frame with shear walls.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 17 (2): 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0436-y.
Mani, Y., and M. Senthilkumar. 2015. “Shape memory alloy-based adaptive-passive dynamic vibration absorber for vibration control in piping applications.” J. Vib. Control 21 (9): 1838–1847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546313492183.
Marriott, D., S. Pampanin, and D. Bull. 2008. “Dynamic testing of precast, post-tensioned rocking wall systems with alternative dissipating solutions.” In Proc., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Conf. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
McGavin, G., and G. Guerin. 2002. “Real-time seismic damping and frequency control of steel structures using nitinol wire.” In Vol. 4696 of Smart structures and materials 2002: Smart systems for bridges, structures, and highways, 176–185. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
Mirzai, N. M., R. Attarnejad, and J. W. Hu. 2021. “Experimental investigation of smart shear dampers with re-centering and friction devices.” J. Build. Eng. 35 (Mar): 102018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102018.
Moradi, S., M. S. Alam, and B. Asgarian. 2014. “Incremental dynamic analysis of steel frames equipped with NiTi shape memory alloy braces.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 23 (18): 1406–1425. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1149.
Ocel, J., R. DesRoches, R. T. Leon, W. G. Hess, R. Krumme, J. R. Hayes, and S. Sweeney. 2004. “Steel beam-column connections using shape memory alloys.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (5): 732–740. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:5(732).
Ozbulut, O. E., S. Hurlebaus, and R. Desroches. 2011. “Seismic response control using shape memory alloys: A review.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 22 (14): 1531–1549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11411220.
Priestley, M., S. Sritharan, J. R. Conley, and S. Pampanin. 1999. “Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J. 44 (6): 42–67. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11011999.42.67.
Qiu, C., C. Fang, D. Liang, X. Du, and M. C. H. Yam. 2020. “Behavior and application of self-centering dampers equipped with buckling-restrained SMA bars.” Smart Mater. Struct. 29 (3): 035009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab6883.
Qu, Z., A. Wada, S. Motoyui, H. Sakata, and S. Kishiki. 2012. “Pin-supported walls for enhancing the seismic performance of building structures.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (14): 2075–2091. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2175.
Ran, X. W., K. Ke, Y. Shi, and H. L. Li. 2023. “0.8 mm Ni-Ti shape memory alloy wires: Post-training behavior and application in a cold-formed steel structure.” Structures 56 (Oct): 104812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.07.002.
Restrepo, J. I., and A. Rahman. 2007. “Seismic performance of self-centering structural walls incorporating energy dissipators.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (11): 1560–1570. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:11(1560).
Shindalkar, S. S., S. S. Humbe, G. M. Joshi, and C. R. Kumar. 2022. “Engineering properties of Teflon derived blends and composites: A review.” Polym.-Plast. Technol. Mater. 61 (18): 1973–1987. https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2022.2086815.
Silwal, B., and O. E. Ozbulut. 2018. “Aftershock fragility assessment of steel moment frames with self-centering dampers.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.071.
Smith, B. J., Y. C. Kurama, and M. J. McGinnis. 2011. “Design and measured behavior of a hybrid precast concrete wall specimen for seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (10): 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000327.
Song, G., N. Ma, and H. N. Li. 2006. “Applications of shape memory alloys in civil structures.” Eng. Struct. 28 (9): 1266–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.12.010.
Song, G. B., B. Kelly, and B. N. Agrawal. 2000. “Active position control of a shape memory alloy wire actuated composite beam.” Smart Mater. Struct. 9 (5): 711–716. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/5/316.
Song, R., Y. Li, and J. W. van de Lindt. 2014. “Impact of earthquake ground motion characteristics on collapse risk of post-mainshock buildings considering aftershocks.” Eng. Struct. 81 (Dec): 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.047.
Speicher, M. S., R. DesRoches, and R. T. Leon. 2011. “Experimental results of a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA)-based recentering beam-column connection.” Eng. Struct. 33 (9): 2448–2457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.018.
Twigden, K. M., S. Sritharan, and R. S. Henry. 2017. “Cyclic testing of unbonded post-tensioned concrete wall systems with and without supplemental damping.” Eng. Struct. 140 (Jun): 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.008.
Wang, B., and S. Zhu. 2018. “Cyclic tension-compression behavior of superelastic shape memory alloy bars with buckling-restrained devices.” Constr. Build. Mater. 186 (Oct): 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.047.
Wang, B., and S. Zhu. 2022. “Cyclic behavior of iron-based shape memory alloy bars for high-performance seismic devices.” Eng. Struct. 252 (Feb): 113588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113588.
Wang, C. L., Y. Liu, X. L. Zheng, and J. Wu. 2019. “Experimental investigation of a precast concrete connection with all-steel bamboo-shaped energy dissipaters.” Eng. Struct. 178 (Jan): 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.046.
Wang, W., C. Fang, and J. Liu. 2016. “Large size superelastic SMA bars: Heat treatment strategy, mechanical property and seismic application.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (7): 075001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/7/075001.
Wu, Y., Q. Xie, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, and H. Yang. 2022. “Rotational performance of frictional glulam beam-to-column connections with shape memory alloy strips.” J. Build. Eng. 45 (Jan): 103520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103520.
Wu, Z., X. He, Y. Zhang, and Z. Zhao. 2011. “Experiment on hysteretic behavior of beam-to-column connection using martensite NiTi shape memory alloy threaded rods in steel frame.” J. Build. Struct. 32 (10): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2011.10.012.
Yang, S., D. Z. Guan, L. J. Jia, Z. X. Guo, and H. B. Ge. 2019. “Local bulging analysis of a restraint tube in a new buckling-restrained brace.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 161 (Oct): 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.06.014.
Yang, S., Y. Lin, D. Z. Guan, Y. Che, W. G. Liu, and Z. X. Guo. 2023a. “Experimental investigation of a locally-compressed beam-column connection with bar-typed fuses.” J. Build. Eng. 63 (Jan): 105562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105562.
Yang, S., W. G. Liu, D. Z. Guan, H. B. Ge, and Z. X. Guo. 2023b. “Post-buckling behavior study of a miniature bar-typed steel fuse with IM-isotropous sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 200 (Jan): 107655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107655.
Yu, X., S. Li, D. Lu, and J. Tao. 2020. “Collapse capacity of inelastic single-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequences.” J. Earthq. Eng. 24 (5): 803–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1453417.
Zhang, H., and S. G. Weber. 2012. “Teflon AF materials.” In Fluorous chemistry, edited by I. T. Horvath, 307–337. Berlin: Springer.
Zhang, H., Y. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Duan, and H. Zhang. 2020. “Influence of axial load ratio on the seismic behavior of steel fiber–reinforced concrete composite shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (1): 04019171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002444.
Zhang, Y., and L. H. Xu. 2022a. “Cyclic response of a self-centering RC wall with tension-compression-coupled disc spring devices.” Eng. Struct. 250 (Jan): 113404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113404.
Zhang, Y., and L. H. Xu. 2022b. “Experimental investigation of a new self-centering shear wall with resilient hinge devices.” Eng. Struct. 266 (Sep): 114657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114657.
Zibaei, H., and J. Mokari. 2014. “Evaluation of seismic behavior improvement in RC MRFs retrofitted by controlled rocking wall systems.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 23 (13): 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1101.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 12 • December 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 25, 2023
Accepted: Mar 28, 2024
Published online: Sep 26, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 26, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Alloys
- Continuum mechanics
- Damping
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Materials engineering
- Metals (material)
- Seismic tests
- Smart materials
- Solid mechanics
- Structural behavior
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural strength
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
- Walls
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.