Fragility-Based Optimal Design of Friction Pendulum Bearings in Seismically Isolated Liquid-Storage Tanks
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 9
Abstract
A fragility-based probabilistic framework is proposed for the optimal design of friction pendulum (FP) bearings in seismically isolated liquid-storage tanks. The isolation period and sliding friction coefficient of the FP system, which significantly influence the seismic performance of isolated liquid-storage tanks, were analyzed as the two design parameters of the isolation system. The seismic fragility functions of the isolated tanks, generated using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), were evaluated and used to determine the optimal ranges for these design parameters. This procedure, which yields the minimum seismic failure probability of the considered structures, was examined in the design of seismic isolation systems for two on-grade cylindrical steel storage tanks with broad and slender configurations. Moreover, the effects of including or excluding the failure mode corresponding to the excessive displacement of the isolation system from the considered failure limit states were analyzed and discussed. Finally, the present study provides recommendations for the optimal selection of design parameters for FP isolators in liquid-storage tanks.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Abalı, E., and E. Uçkan. 2010. “Parametric analysis of liquid storage tanks base isolated by curved surface sliding bearings.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (1–2): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.08.001.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2020. Welded tanks for oil storage. API 650. Washington, DC: API.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2021. Welded carbon steel tanks for water storage. AWWA D100-21. Denver: AWWA.
Bagheri, S., and M. Farajian. 2018. “The effects of input earthquake characteristics on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of FPS isolated liquid storage tanks.” J. Vib. Control 24 (7): 1264–1282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546316655914.
Bagheri, S., and M. Farajian. 2022. “Elastic and viscous bumpers for seismic mitigation of base-isolated liquid storage tanks in near-fault zones.” J. Vib. Control 29 (17–18): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775463221116493.
Bagheri, S., and H. Hayati Raad. 2017. “Seismic performance assessment of FPS isolated liquid storage tanks at various intensity levels.” In Proc., 4th Conf. on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: Empa.
Bagheri, S., F. R. Rofooei, and Y. Bozorgnia. 2005. “Evaluation of the seismic response of liquid storage tanks.” In Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing. Rome: Civil-Comp Press.
Bakalis, K., and D. Vamvatsikos. 2018. “Seismic fragility functions via nonlinear response history analysis.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002141.
Bakalis, K., D. Vamvatsikos, and M. Fragiadakis. 2015. “Seismic fragility assessment of steel liquid storage tanks.” In Proc., ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conf. New York: ASME.
Baker, J. W. 2015. “Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (1): 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M.
Berahman, F., and F. Behnamfar. 2007. “Seismic fragility curves for un-anchored on-grade steel storage tanks: Bayesian approach.” J. Earthquake Eng. 11 (2): 166–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601125722.
Bucher, C. 2009. “Probability-based optimal design of friction-based seismic isolation devices.” Struct. Saf. 31 (6): 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.06.009.
Calvi, G. M., R. Pinho, G. Magenes, J. J. Bommer, L. F. Restrepo-Vélez, and H. Crowley. 2006. “Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years.” ISET J. Earthquake Technol. 43 (3): 75–104.
Castaldo, P., and M. Ripani. 2016. “Optimal design of friction pendulum system properties for isolated structures considering different soil conditions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 90 (Nov): 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.08.025.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipeline. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chalhoub, M. S., and J. M. Kelly. 1990. “Shake table test of cylindrical water tanks in base-isolated structures.” J. Eng. Mech. 116 (7): 1451–1472. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1990)116:7(1451).
Compagnoni, M. E., O. Curadelli, and D. Ambrosini. 2018. “Experimental study on the seismic response of liquid storage tanks with sliding concave bearings.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 55 (Sep): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.05.009.
Cooper, T. W. 1997. A study of the performance of petroleum storage tanks during earthquakes. NIST GCR 97-720. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Ebrahimian, H., and F. Jalayer. 2021. “Selection of seismic intensity measures for prescribed limit states using alternative nonlinear dynamic analysis methods.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (5): 1235–1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3393.
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. FEMA P695. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fenz, D. M., and M. C. Constantinou. 2008. Development, implementation and verification of dynamic analysis models for multi-spherical sliding bearings. New York: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Hamdan, F. H. 2000. “Seismic behavior of cylindrical steel liquid storage tanks.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 53 (3): 307–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00039-5.
Haroun, M. A., and G. W. Housner. 1981. “Seismic design of liquid storage tanks.” J. Tech. Councils ASCE 107 (1): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1061/JTCAD9.0000080.
Hosseini, S. E. A., and S. Beskhyroun. 2023. “Fluid storage tanks: A review on dynamic behaviour modelling, seismic energy-dissipating devices, structural control, and structural health monitoring techniques.” Structures 49 (Mar): 537–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.01.146.
Housner, G. W. 1963. “The dynamic behavior of water tanks.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 53 (2): 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0530020381.
Iervolino, I., G. Fabbrocino, and G. Manfredi. 2004. “Fragility of standard industrial structures by a response surface based method.” J. Earthquake Eng. 8 (6): 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350515.
Kelly, T. E., R. I. Skinner, and W. H. Robinson. 2010. Seismic isolation for designers and structural engineers. Kanpur, India: Indian Institute of Technology.
Malhotra, P. K. 1997a. “Method for seismic base isolation of liquid storage tanks.” J. Struct. Eng. 123 (1): 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:1(113).
Malhotra, P. K. 1997b. “New method for seismic isolation of liquid storage tanks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 26 (8): 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199708)26:8%3C839::AID-EQE679%3E3.0.CO;2-Y.
Malhotra, P. K., T. Wenk, and M. Wieland. 2000. “Simple procedure for seismic analysis of liquid-storage tanks.” Struct. Eng. Int. 10 (3): 197–201. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686600780481509.
Okada, J., K. Iwata, K. Tsukimori, and T. Nagata. 1995. “An evaluation method for elastic-plastic buckling of cylindrical shells under shear forces.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 157 (1–2): 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(95)00985-L.
O’Rourke, M. J., and P. So. 2000. “Seismic fragility curves for on-grade steel tanks.” Earthquake Spectra 16 (4): 801–815. https://doi.org/10.1193%2F1.1586140.
Padgett, J. E., B. G. Nielson, and R. DesRoches. 2008. “Selection of optimal intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demand models of highway bridge portfolios.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 37 (5): 711–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.782.
Panchal, V. R., and R. S. Jangid. 2008. “Variable friction pendulum system for seismic isolation of liquid storage tanks.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 238 (6): 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.10.011.
Panchal, V. R., and R. S. Jangid. 2012. “Behaviour of liquid storage tanks with VCFPS under near-fault ground motions.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 8 (1): 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470903300919.
Phan, H. N., F. Paolacci, O. S. Bursi, and N. Tondini. 2017. “Seismic fragility analysis of elevated steel storage tanks supported by reinforced concrete columns.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 47 (May): 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2017.02.017.
Phan, H. N., F. Paolacci, D. Corritore, B. Akbas, E. Uçkan, and J. J. Shen. 2016. “Seismic vulnerability mitigation of liquefied gas tanks using concave sliding bearings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 14 (11): 3283–3299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9939-y.
Razzaghi, M. S., and S. Eshgi. 2008. “Development of analytical fragility curves for cylindrical steel oil tanks.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: China Earthquake Administration.
Saha, S. K., V. A. Matsagar, and A. K. Jain. 2016a. “Seismic fragility of base-isolated water storage tanks under non-stationary earthquakes.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 14 (4): 1153–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9874-y.
Saha, S. K., K. Sepahvand, V. A. Matsagar, A. K. Jain, and S. Marburg. 2016b. “Fragility analysis of base-isolated liquid storage tanks under random sinusoidal base excitation using generalized polynomial chaos expansion–based simulation.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (10): 04016059. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001518.
Salzano, E., I. Iervolino, and G. Fabbrocino. 2003. “Seismic risk of atmospheric storage tanks in the framework of quantitative risk analysis.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 16 (5): 403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(03)00052-4.
Shrimali, M. K., and R. S. Jangid. 2002. “A comparative study of performance of various isolation systems for liquid storage tanks.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 2 (4): 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455402000725.
Timoshenko, S. P., and J. M. Gere. 1961. Theory of elastic stability. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tothong, P., and N. Luco. 2007. “Probabilistic seismic demand analysis using advanced ground motion intensity measures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (13): 1837–1860. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.696.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2005. “Developing efficient scalar and vector intensity measures for IDA capacity estimation by incorporating elastic spectral shape information.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 34 (13): 1573–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.496.
Yamaki, N. 1984. Elastic stability of circular cylindrical shells. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Yazdanian, M., J. M. Ingham, C. Kahanek, and D. Dizhur. 2020. “Damage to flat-based wine storage tanks in the 2013 and 2016 New Zealand earthquakes.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 168 (May): 105983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.105983.
Zama, S., H. Nishi, K. Hatayama, M. Yamada, H. Yoshihara, and Y. Ogawa. 2012. “On damage of oil storage tanks due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake (Mw9.0), Japan.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal: Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica.
Zhang, J., and Y. Huo. 2009. “Evaluating effectiveness and optimum design of isolation devices for highway bridges using the fragility function method.” Eng. Struct. 31 (8): 1648–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 9 • September 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 2, 2023
Accepted: Apr 1, 2024
Published online: Jun 27, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 27, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Base isolation
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamic analysis
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Equipment and machinery
- Friction
- Geotechnical engineering
- Mathematics
- Parameters (statistics)
- Seismic design
- Seismic tests
- Solid mechanics
- Statistics
- Storage tanks
- Tanks (by type)
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.