SLaMA-Based Retrofit of RC Frame Buildings Using Alternative Bracing Systems
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper introduces a retrofit design procedure for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings using alternative steel bracing systems based on the simple lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMA). Employing a displacement-based design approach, the procedure captures the actual behavior of existing buildings and the contribution of the bracing system. The retrofit design process and seismic assessment procedures are outlined, followed by the proposed SLaMA-based retrofit design procedure. The design procedure is demonstrated on pre-1970 four-story and eight-story RC case study frames, targeting maximum displacements informed by the expected failure mechanisms identified using a detailed seismic assessment (DSA). The New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering 2016/017 Seismic Assessment Guidelines’ SLaMA method is utilized for DSA, revealing that the frames are potentially earthquake-prone with specific failure mechanisms and seismic capacities. After retrofitting with a concentric braced frame (CBF), buckling-restrained brace (BRB), and CBF with friction dampers, the failure mechanisms are modified, resulting in seismic capacities exceeding 100% New Building Standard (NBS). Evaluation of local and global behavior post-retrofit enables the determination of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative brace systems. Nonlinear time-history (NLTH) analyses using a lumped plasticity model verify the results, affirming the viability and practicality of the SLaMA-based retrofit design procedure for selecting and designing appropriate interventions in concrete frame buildings.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) through the Natural Hazards Research Platform (NHRP) is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Al-Mashaykhi, M., P. Rajeev, K. K. Wijesundara, and M. J. Hashemi. 2019. “Displacement profile for displacement based seismic design of concentric braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 155 (Apr): 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.12.029.
ASCE/SEI Seismic Rehabilitation Standards Committee. 2007. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. ASCE/SEI 41-06. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Astaneh-Asl, A., S. C. Goel, and R. D. Hanson. 1985. “Cyclic out-of-plane buckling of double-angle bracing.” J. Struct. Eng. 111 (5): 1135–1153. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:5(1135).
Badoux, M., and J. O. Jirsa. 1990. “Steel bracing of RC frames for seismic retrofitting.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (1): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:1(55).
Bergami, A., and C. Nuti. 2013. “A design procedure of dissipative braces for seismic upgrading structures.” Earthquakes Struct. 4 (1): 85–108. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.4.1.085.
Building Act. 2004. Department of building and housing-Te Tari Kaupapa Whare. Malé, Maldives: Ministry of Economic Development.
Carr, A. 2006. RUAUMOKO (inelastic dynamic analysis software). Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Ciampi, V., M. De Angelis, and F. Paolacci. 1995. “Design of yielding or friction-based dissipative bracings for seismic.” Eng. Struct. 17 (5): 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(95)00021-X.
D’Amore, S., and S. Pampanin. 2021. “Enhancing seismic safety of existing RC buildings through external exoskeletons.” In Proc., 14th fib Int. PhD Symp. in Civil Engineering, 1–8. Rome: fib.
Del Vecchio, C., R. Gentile, and S. Pampanin. 2017. The simple lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMA) for the seismic performance assessment of a case study building damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Durucan, C., and M. Dicleli. 2010. “Analytical study on seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings using steel braces with shear link.” Eng. Struct. 32 (10): 2995–3010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.019.
Fajfar, P., and P. Gašperšič. 1996. “The method for the seismic damage analysis of RC buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 25 (1): 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199601)25:1%3C31::AID-EQE534%3E3.0.CO;2-V.
FEMA. 1997. NEHRP commentary on the guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 274. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
fib (Federation Internationale du Béton). 2003. Seismic assessment and retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Filiatrault, A., and S. Cherry. 1990. “A simplified seismic design procedure for friction damped structures.” In Proc., 4th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 479–488. Ottawa: Canadian Science Publishing.
Gentile, R., C. del Vecchio, S. Pampanin, D. Raffaele, and G. Uva. 2021. “Refinement and validation of the simple lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMA) procedure for RC frames.” J. Earthquake Eng. 25 (7): 1227–1255. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1560377.
Gentile, R., S. Pampanin, D. Raffaele, and G. Uva. 2019. “Non-linear analysis of RC masonry-infilled frames using the SLaMA method: Part 1—Mechanical interpretation of the infill/frame interaction and formulation of the procedure.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (5): 3283–3304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00580-w.
Jacobsen, L. S. 1960. “Damping in composite structures.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 2nd World Conf. in Earthquake Engineering, 1029–1044. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univ.
Kam, W. Y. 2010. “Selective weakening and post-tensioning for the seismic retrofit of non-ductile RC frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Khoo, H. H., C. Clifton, G. MacRae, H. Zhou, and S. Ramhormozian. 2015. “Proposed design models for the asymmetric friction connection.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (8): 1309–1324. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2520.
Kim, J., and Y. Seo. 2004. “Seismic design of low-rise steel frames with buckling-restrained braces.” Eng. Struct. 26 (5): 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.11.005.
Leowardi, L. S., and W. R. Walpole. 1996. Performance of steel brace members. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Marriott, D., S. Pampanin, D. K. Bull, and A. Palermo. 2007. “Improving the seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete buildings using advanced rocking wall solutions.” In Proc., 2007 NZSEE Conf., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering.
New Zealand Standards Institute. 1900. Basic design loads. NZSS 1900, Chapter 8. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Standards Institute.
New Zealand Standards Institute. 1955. Basic loads to be used in design and their methods of application. NZSS 95:1955. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Standards Institute.
NZSEE (New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering). 2006. Assessment and improvement of the structural performance of buildings in earthquakes. Auckland, New Zealand: NZSEE.
NZSEE (New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering). 2017. The seismic assessment of existing buildings: Technical guidelines for engineering assessments. Auckland, New Zealand: NZSEE.
Pampanin, S. 2017. “Towards the practical implementation of performance-based assessment and retrofit strategies for RC buildings: Challenges and solutions.” In Proc., 4th SMAR Conf. on Smart Monitoring. Zurich, Switzerland: Assessment and Rehabilitation of Structures.
Pampanin, S., D. Bolognini, and A. Pavese. 2007. “Performance-based seismic retrofit strategy for existing reinforced concrete frame systems using fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (2): 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:2(211).
Pampanin, S., G. Magenes, and A. J. Carr. 2003. “Modelling of shear hinge mechanism in poorly detailed RC beam-column joints.” In Proc., fib 2003 Symp. on Concrete Structures in Seismic Regions, 171. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Ponzo, F. C., M. Dolce, G. Vigoriti, G. Arleo, and A. Di Cesare. 2007. “Progettazione di controventi dissipativi a comportamento dipendente dagli spostamenti.” In Proc., ANIDIS “L’ Ingegneria Sismica in Italia”, Bologna, Italy. NewYork: IRIS Unibas.
Priestley, M., G. Calvi, and M. Kowalsky. 2007. Displacement-based seismic design of structures. Pavia, Italy: IUSS Press.
Priestley, M. J. N. 1997. “Displacement-based seismic assessment of reinforced concrete buildings.” J. Earthquake Eng. 1 (1): 157–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469708962365.
Priestley, M. N., and G. M. Calvi. 1991. “Towards a capacity-design assessment procedure for reinforced concrete frames.” Earthquake Spectra 7 (3): 413–437. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585635.
Rad, M., S. Pampanin, and G. Rodgers. 2019. “Displacement-based retrofit of existing reinforced concrete frames using alternative steel brace systems.” In Proc., 11th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Rad, M. A., S. Pampanin, and G. W. Rodgers. 2020. “Performance-based retrofit of existing reinforced concrete frames using alternative steel brace systems.” In Proc., 17th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Saiidi, M., and M. A. Sozen. 1979. Simple and complex models for nonlinear seismic response of reinforced concrete structures. Champaign, IL: Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Stafford, P. J., T. J. Sullivan, and D. Pennucci. 2016. “Empirical correlation between inelastic and elastic spectral displacement demands.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (3): 1419–1448. https://doi.org/10.1193/020515EQS021M.
Standards New Zealand. 2004. Structural design actions Part 5: Earthquake actions-New Zealand. NZS 1170.5: 2004. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards New Zealand.
Standards New Zealand. 2006. Concrete structures standard. NZS 3101: 2006. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards New Zealand.
Sugano, S., and M. Fujimura. 1980. “Aseismic strengthening of existing reinforced concrete buildings.” In Proc., 7th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 449–456. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Taucer, F., and F. Marazzi. 2000. “Displacement based design of infilled frames protected with energy dissipation devices.” In Proc., 2nd European Conf. on Structural Control (2ECSC). Champs-sur-Marne, France: École des Ponts ParisTech.
Tremblay, R. 2002. “Inelastic seismic response of steel bracing members.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 58 (5–8): 665–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00104-3.
Vulcano, A., and F. Mazza. 2002. “A simplified procedure for the aseismic design of framed buildings with dissipative braces.” In Proc., 12th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Bucharest, Romania: European Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Yeow, T., A. Orumiyehei, T. Sullivan, G. MacRae, G. Clifton, and K. Elwood. 2018. “Seismic performance of steel friction connections considering direct-repair costs.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 16 (12): 5963–5993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0421-x.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 11 • November 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 12, 2023
Accepted: May 3, 2024
Published online: Aug 20, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jan 20, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.