Seismic Design of Diaphragms for Steel Buildings Considering Diaphragm Inelasticity
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 7
Abstract
Recent research has shown that seismic design forces for horizontal floor and roof diaphragms that have been in the US building codes for decades are not sufficiently large to protect the diaphragm from inelastic actions. These findings led, in part, to the development of alternative diaphragm design provisions in US standards, which use increased diaphragm force demands, but allow for a reduction of the demands by a unique diaphragm design force reduction factor, . In this study, the effect of different diaphragm design philosophies on the behavior of steel buildings is investigated using three-dimensional computational building models that consider nonlinear behavior in both the vertical and horizontal elements of the lateral force–resisting system (LFRS). Objectives include examining the effect of diaphragm inelasticity on building dynamic behavior, understanding seismic diaphragm force demands, investigating collapse probabilities for different diaphragm design approaches, and evaluating proposed values for bare steel deck and concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms. Building parameters were varied such as diaphragm design approach (traditional and alternative design with different values), building height (1-, 4-, 8-, and 12-story archetype buildings), and type of LFRS (buckling restrained braced frames or special concentrically braced frames). Nonlinear response-history analyses were performed, and resulting performance in terms of drift and collapse were evaluated. It was found that traditionally designed building diaphragms can experience substantial inelasticity during earthquake response. Computed adjusted collapse margin ratios for buildings utilizing the alternative diaphragm design procedure with for concrete-filled steel deck floor diaphragms and for bare steel deck roof diaphragms satisfy US design criteria for acceptance and are recommended for use in design of these types of structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 1562669 and 1562821, and the Steel Diaphragm Innovation Initiative, which was funded by the American Institute of Steel Construction, American Iron and Steel Institute, Steel Deck Institute, Steel Joist Institute, and the Metal Building Manufacturers Association. The Advanced Research Computing at Virginia Tech and the Maryland Advanced Research Computing Cluster at Johns Hopkins provided high-performance computing resources, which facilitated the computational study. Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or any of the other sponsors.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2020a. North American standard for seismic design of cold-formed steel structural systems. Washington, DC: AISI.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2020b. North American standard for the design of profiled steel diaphragm panels. Washington, DC: AISI.
ASCE. 2005. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE standard). ASCE/SEI 7-05. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE standard). ASCE/SEI 7-10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE standard). ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2022. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE standard). Reston, VA: ASCE.
Atlayan, O., and F. A. Charney. 2014. “Hybrid buckling-restrained braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 96 (Jan): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.01.001.
Avellaneda-Ramirez, R. E., M. R. Eatherton, W. S. Easterling, J. F. Hajjar, and B. W. Schafer. 2021. “Experimental investigation of concrete on steel deck diaphragms using cantilever diaphragm tests.” In Cold-formed steel research consortium report series. Rep. No. CFSRC R-2021-02. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Library.
Charney, F. A. 2008. “Unintended consequences of modeling damping in structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (4): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
Chen, C. H. 2010. “Performance-based seismic demand assessment of concentrically braced steel frame buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Coffin, L. F. 1954. “A study of the effects of the cyclic thermal stresses on a ductile metal.” In Translation, 931–950. New York: ASME.
Eatherton, M. R., P. E. O’Brien, and W. S. Easterling. 2020. “Examination of ductility and seismic diaphragm design force-reduction factors for steel deck and composite diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (11): 04020231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002797.
Essa, H., C. Rogers, and R. Tremblay. 2003. “Behavior of roof deck diaphragms under quasistatic cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (12): 1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1658).
Fell, B. V., A. M. Kanvinde, G. G. Deierlein, and A. T. Myers. 2009. “Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:1(19).
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2020. NEHRP recommended seismic provisions for new buildings and other structures. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2021. Seismic design of rigid wall-flexible diaphragm buildings: An alternative procedure. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fischer, A. W., and B. W. Schafer. 2021. “Wall-diaphragm interactions in seismic response of single-story building systems.” Eng. Struct. 247: 113150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113150.
Fleischman, R. B., and K. T. Farrow. 2001. “Dynamic behavior of perimeter lateral-system structures with flexible diaphragms.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 30 (5): 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.36.
Fleischman, R. B., C. J. Naito, J. Restrepo, R. Sause, and S. K. Ghosh. 2005. “Seismic design methodology for precast concrete diaphragms Part 1: Design framework.” PCI J. 2005 (Sep): 68–83.
Foroughi, H. 2021. “Enhancing seismic resiliency of steel buildings through three-dimensional modeling of diaphragm system interaction with braced frame.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Hsiao, P. C., D. E. Lehman, and C. W. Roeder. 2013. “Evaluation of the response modification coefficient and collapse potential of special concentrically braced frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (10): 1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2286.
Iverson, J. K., and N. M. Hawkins. 1994. “Performance of precast/prestressed concrete building structures during Northridge earthquake.” PCI J. 39 (2): 38–55. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03011994.38.55.
Kircher, C., G. Deierlein, J. Hooper, H. Krawinkler, S. Mahin, B. Shing, and J. Wallace. 2010. Evaluation of the FEMA P-695 methodology for quantification of building seismic performance factors. Rep. No. NIST GCR 10-917-8. New York: NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture.
Koliou, M., A. Filiatrault, D. J. Kelly, and J. Lawson. 2016. “Distributed yielding concept for improved seismic collapse performance of rigid wall-flexible diaphragm buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015137. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001386.
Martin, É. 2002. “Inelastic response of steel roof deck diaphragms under simulated dynamically applied seismic loading.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal.
McKenna, F., M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2010. “Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000002.
Newell, J., C. M. Uang, and G. Benzoni. 2006. Subassemblage testing of core brace buckling restrained braces (G Series). La Jolla, CA: Univ. of California, San Diego.
O’Brien, P., M. R. Eatherton, and W. S. Easterling. 2017. Characterizing the load-deformation behavior of steel deck diaphragms using past test data. Cold-Formed Steel Research Consortium Report Series. Rep. No. CFSRC R-2017-02. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Libraries.
Özkılıç, Y. O., M. B. Bozkurt, and C. Topkaya. 2018. “Evaluation of seismic response factors for BRBFs using FEMA P695 methodology.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 151 (9): 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.09.015.
Popov, E. P., and R. G. Black. 1981. “Steel struts under severe cyclic loadings.” J. Struct. Div. 107 (9): 1857–1884. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005786.
Ren, R., and C. J. Naito. 2013. “Precast concrete diaphragm connector performance database.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000598.
Rodriguez, M. E., J. I. Restrepo, and J. J. Blandón. 2007. “Seismic design forces for rigid floor diaphragms in precast concrete building structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (11): 1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:11(1604).
Rodriguez, M. E., J. I. Restrepo, and A. J. Carr. 2002. “Earthquake-induced floor horizontal accelerations in buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (9): 693–718. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.149.
Schafer, B. W. 2019. Research on the seismic performance of rigid wall flexible diaphragm buildings with bare steel deck diaphragms. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ.
Torabian, S., M. R. Eatherton, W. S. Easterling, J. F. Hajjar, and B. W. Schafer. 2019. SDII building archetype design v2.0. Cold-Formed Steel Research Consortium Report Series. Rep. No. CFSRC R-2019-04. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Libraries.
Torabian, S., and B. W. Schafer. 2021. “Cyclic experiments on sidelap and structural connectors in steel deck diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04021028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002981.
Uriz, P., F. C. Filippou, and S. A. Mahin. 2008. “Model for cyclic inelastic buckling of steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (4): 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(619).
Veismoradi, S., G. G. Amiri, and E. Darvishan. 2016. “Probabilistic seismic assessment of buckling restrained braces and yielding brace systems.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 16 (3): 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-015-0073-5.
Wei, G. 2021. “Computational and experimental study on the behavior of diaphragms in steel buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech.
Zaruma, S., and L. A. Fahnestock. 2018. “Assessment of design parameters influencing seismic collapse performance of buckling-restrained braced frames.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 113 (5): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.021.
Zhang, D., R. B. Fleischman, M. J. Schoettler, J. I. Restrepo, and M. Mielke. 2019. “Precast diaphragm response in half-scale shake table test.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (5): 04019024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002304.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 4, 2022
Accepted: Jan 27, 2023
Published online: Apr 22, 2023
Published in print: Jul 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Building design
- Continuum mechanics
- Decks
- Design (by type)
- Diaphragms (structural)
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earthquake engineering
- Elasticity and Inelasticity
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Forces (type)
- Geotechnical engineering
- Lateral forces
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Mechanical properties
- Seismic design
- Seismic tests
- Solid mechanics
- Steel decks
- Steel structures
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Structures (by type)
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.