Investigating the Potential of Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil for Rejuvenation of Aged Asphalt Binder
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 150, Issue 1
Abstract
Aging of asphalt increases its hardness due to oxidation, which challenges the incorporation of higher recycled asphalt (RA) content. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is gaining attention as a rejuvenator to incorporate higher RA content in new pavements. The study evaluated the potential of WCO as a rejuvenator before and after transesterification. Rheological tests, such as frequency–temperature sweep and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) were conducted to assess the performance characteristics of different rejuvenated binders. Chemical tests, including asphaltene extraction, free fatty acids, transesterification, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed to corroborate the rheological findings. Based on the investigation, a new method is proposed to determine the optimum dose of WCO for binders incorporating RA, considering viscosity and rutting. The results indicated that the optimum WCO content before treatment was on average 7.03%, which was reduced to 5.73% after transesterification. This is credited to the reduction of free fatty acids by 81.7% in treated WCO after transesterification, resulting in enhanced diffusion characteristics between treated WCO and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). The rejuvenated binder had a 49.33% lower carbonyl index (CI) than RAP and an 18.35% higher CI than unaged viscosity-graded (VG) 30, respectively, validating the potential of WCO as a rejuvenator. ANOVA analysis of asphaltene content showed no significant difference between the rejuvenated binders with their corresponding optimum WCO and unaged VG 30 contents. Overall, transesterification of WCO could be a potential solution to improve the diffusion characteristics for enhanced rejuvenation.
Practical Applications
Reclaimed asphalt can be processed and used as a component in the production of new hot-mix asphalt. It commonly is mixed with virgin asphalt binder, aggregates, and other additives to create a sustainable asphalt mixture. The inclusion of RA reduces the demand for virgin materials such as asphalt binder and aggregates, thus decreasing the environmental impact of asphalt production. The current practice permits a lower quantity of RA in asphalt mixtures due to its higher stiffness. The utilization of WCO as a rejuvenator can restore the properties of RA binder to a considerable extent. It also will result in higher RA incorporation and a sustainable solutions including, reduction in inappropriate disposal and multiple-time utilization of WCO. Hence, the utilization of RA with WCO as a rejuvenator is a novel solution for sustainability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the School of Basic Science (SBS), IIT Bhubaneswar, for their support in utilizing FTIR and NMR testing facilities. The authors also acknowledge Shivam Singh and Praveen Shakyawar, undergraduate students from the School of Infrastructure, IIT Bhubaneswar, who were involved in experimental works as part of their internship.
Author contributions: SJ: conceptualization, testing, data curation and preliminary analysis, first draft of the manuscript. AKC: monitoring, data analysis, review of the draft.
References
AASHTO. 2019. Standard method of test for viscosity determination of asphalt binder using rotational viscometer. AASHTO T 316. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Asli, H., E. Ahmadinia, M. Zargar, and M. R. Karim. 2012. “Investigation on physical properties of waste cooking oil—Rejuvenated bitumen binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.042.
ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for determination of free fatty acids contained in animal, marine, and vegetable fats and oils used in fat liquors and stuffing compounds. ASTM D5555. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7175. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7405. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for determination of asphaltenes (heptane insolubles) in crude and petroleum products. ASTM D6560. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019a. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). ASTM D6521. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019b. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test). ASTM D2872. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Azahar, W. N. A. W., M. Bujang, R. Putra Jaya, M. R. Hainin, N. Ngadi, and A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri. 2016. “Performance of waste cooking oil in asphalt binder modification.” Key Eng. Mater. 700 (Aug): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.700.216.
Bai, B., F. Bai, Q. Nie, and X. Jia. 2023a. “A high-strength red mud–fly ash geopolymer and the implications of curing temperature.” Powder Technol. 416 (Mar): 118242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118242.
Bai, B., F. Bai, C. Sun, Q. Nie, and S. Sun. 2023b. “Adsorption mechanism of shell powders on heavy metal ions and the purification efficiency for contaminated soils.” Front. Earth Sci. 10 (Jan): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1071228.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of penetration (first revision). IS 1203. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Paving bitumen—Specification. IS 73. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Cao, W., and C. Wang. 2019. “Fatigue performance characterization and prediction of asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep based viscoelastic continuum damage approach.” Int. J. Fatigue 119 (Mar): 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.09.028.
Cao, X., X. Cao, B. Tang, Y. Wang, and X. Li. 2018. “Investigation on possibility of waste vegetable oil rejuvenating aged asphalt.” Appl. Sci. 8 (5): 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050765.
Chen, M., B. Leng, S. Wu, and Y. Sang. 2014. “Physical, chemical and rheological properties of waste edible vegetable oil rejuvenated asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 66 (Apr): 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.033.
Christensen, D. W., and D. A. Anderson. 1992. “Interpretation of dynamic mechanical test data for paving grade asphalt cements (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 61: 67–116.
dos Anjos, R., and M. S. Silva. 2020. “Introduction biodiesel course: Evaluating the quality of waste cooking oil by 1H NMR spectroscopy.” J. Chem. Educ. 97 (10): 3784–3790. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00140.
Doudin, K. I. 2021. “Quantitative and qualitative analysis of biodiesel by NMR spectroscopic methods.” Fuel 284 (Jan): 119114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119114.
Elahi, Z., F. M. Jakarni, R. Muniandy, S. Hassim, M. S. Ab Razak, A. H. Ansari, and M. M. Ben Zair. 2021. “Waste cooking oil as a sustainable bio modifier for asphalt modification: A review.” Sustainability 13 (20): 11506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011506.
El-Shorbagy, A. M., S. M. El-Badawy, and A. R. Gabr. 2019. “Investigation of waste oils as rejuvenators of aged bitumen for sustainable pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 220 (Sep): 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.180.
Faghihinejad, F., M. Mohammadi Fard, A. Roshanghalb, and P. Beigi. 2022. “A framework to assess the correlation between transportation infrastructure access and economics: Evidence from Iran.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2022 (Nov): 8781686. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8781686.
Faghihinejad, F., and S. Monajem. 2021. “Pathology of the disabled people access to public transport and prioritizing practical solution.” In Tobacco regulatory science, 7. Delhi, India: Tobacco Regulatory Science Group.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2017. Economics of recycling. Washington, DC: FHWA.
Fini, E., A. I. Rajib, D. Oldham, A. Samieadel, and S. Hosseinnezhad. 2020. “Role of chemical composition of recycling agents in their interactions with oxidized asphaltene molecules.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (9): 04020268. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003352.
Ghazanfari, A., and A. Razmjoo. 2022. “The effect of market isolation on competitive behavior in retail petrol markets.” Sustainability 14 (13): 8102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138102.
Jain, S., and A. K. Chandrappa. 2022. “Rheological and chemical investigation on asphalt binder incorporating high recycled asphalt with waste cooking oil as rejuvenator.” Innovative Infrastruct. Solution 7 (4): 267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00871-3.
Jain, S., and A. K. Chandrappa. 2023a. “Critical review on waste cooking oil rejuvenation in asphalt mixture with high recycled asphalt.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30: 77981–78003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28098-4.
Jain, S., and A. K. Chandrappa. 2023b. “A laboratory investigation on benefits of WCO utilisation in asphalt with high recycled asphalt content: Emphasis on rejuvenation and aging.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 24 (1): 2172577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2172577.
Jain, S., A. K. Chandrappa, and U. C. Sahoo. 2023a. “Effect of variability in waste cooking oil on rejuvenation of asphalt.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2023.2216308.
Jain, S., S. Dabbiru, and A. K. Chandrappa. 2023b. “Effects of waste cooking oil on the antiageing ability of bitumen.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2023: 5155407. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5155407.
Joni, H. H., R. H. A. Al-Rubaee, and M. A. Al-zerkani. 2019. “Rejuvenation of aged asphalt binder extracted from reclaimed asphalt pavement using waste vegetable and engine oils.” Case Study Constr. Mater. 11 (Mar): e00279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00279.
Kim, J.-H., Y.-R. Oh, J. Hwang, J. Kang, H. Kim, Y.-A. Jang, S.-S. Lee, S. Y. Hwang, J. Park, and G. T. Eom. 2021. “Valorization of waste-cooking oil into sophorolipids and application of their methyl hydroxyl branched fatty acid derivatives to produce engineering bioplastics.” Waste Manage. 124 (Feb): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.003.
Li, H., B. Dong, W. Wang, G. Zhao, P. Guo, and Q. Ma. 2019. “Effect of waste engine oil and waste cooking oil on performance improvement of aged asphalt.” Appl. Sci. 9 (9): 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091767.
Li, J., J. Zheng, X. Peng, Z. Dai, W. Liu, H. Deng, B. Xi, and Z. Lin. 2020. “NaCl recovery from organic pollutants-containing salt waste via dual effects of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) and crystal regulation with acetone.” J. Cleaner Prod. 260 (May): 121044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121044.
Mahrez, A., M. R. Karim, M. R. Ibrahim, and H. Y. Katman. 2009. “Prospects of using waste cooking oil as rejuvenating agent in bituminous binder.” In Vol. 7 of Proc., Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 1751–1766. Tokyo: Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies.
Majdzadeh, M. A., A. Ghazanfari, and M. M. Ara. 2014. “Determinants of private investment in Iran based on Bayesian model averaging.” Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Social Sci. 4 (7): 229. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i7/1002.
Mohi Ud Din, I., F. S. Bhat, and M. S. Mir. 2021. “A study investigating the impact of waste cooking oil and waste engine oil on the performance properties of RAP binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 24 (1): 295–309. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i7/1002.
Mollamohammadi, A., and S. Hesami. 2023. “Evaluation of the effect of WCO/SBS-modified RAB and RAP and stiffness recovery procedure on fatigue performance of HMA.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35 (2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004567.
Nordiana, M., W. A. W. Nur Aifa, M. R. Hainin, M. W. M. Naqiuddin, A. H. Norhidayah, Y. Haryati, A. Juraidah, and P. J. Ramadhansyah. 2019. “Rutting resistance of untreated and treated waste cooking oil in bitumen after aging condition.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 244 (1): 012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/244/1/012041.
Oldham, D., A. Rajib, K. P. R. Dandamudi, Y. Liu, S. Deng, and E. H. Fini. 2021. “Transesterification of waste cooking oil to produce a sustainable rejuvenator for aged asphalt.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 168 (Mar): 105297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105297.
Ongel, A., and M. Hugener. 2015. “Impact of rejuvenators on aging properties of bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.030.
Patil, P. D., V. G. Gude, H. K. Reddy, T. Muppaneni, and S. Deng. 2012. “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid and microwave irradiation processes.” J. Environ. Prot. 3 (1): 107–113. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2012.31013.
Rajib, A. I., A. Samieadel, A. Zalghout, K. E. Kaloush, B. K. Sharma, and E. H. Fini. 2022. “Do all rejuvenators improve asphalt performance?” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 23 (2): 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1826348.
Rao, Z.-X., P.-B. Chen, J. Xu, Q. Wang, H.-T. Tang, Y. Liang, and Y.-M. Pan. 2023. “Direct conversion of in lime kiln waste gas catalyzed by a copper-based -heterocyclic carbene porous polymer.” ChemSusChem 24 (Feb): e202300170. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202300170.
Rodrigues, C., S. Capit, and L. Picado-Santos. 2020. “Full recycling of asphalt concrete with waste cooking oil as rejuvenator and LDPE from urban waste as binder modifier.” Sustainability 12 (19): 8222. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198222.
Saboo, N., M. Sukhija, and G. Singh. 2021. “Effect of nanoclay on physical and rheological properties of waste cooking oil–Modified asphalt binder.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (3): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003598.
Samieadel, A., A. I. Rajib, K. P. R. Dandamudi, S. Deng, and E. H. Fini. 2020. “Improving recycled asphalt using sustainable hybrid rejuvenators with enhanced intercalation into oxidized asphaltenes nanoaggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 262 (Nov): 120090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120090.
Tian, R., H. Luo, X. Huang, Y. Zheng, L. Zhu, and F. Liu. 2022. “Correlation analysis between mechanical properties and fractions composition of oil-rejuvenated asphalt.” Materials 15 (5): 1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051889.
Wang, H., Z. Ma, X. Chen, and M. R. Mohd Hasan. 2020. “Preparation process of bio-oil and bio-asphalt, their performance, and the application of bio-asphalt: A comprehensive review.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 7 (2): 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.03.002.
Wang, Y., T. Sun, L. Tong, Y. Gao, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, and S. Zhu. 2023. “Non-free Fe dominated PMS activation for enhancing electro-Fenton efficiency in neutral wastewater.” J. Electroanal. Chem. 928 (Nov): 117062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117062.
Williams, B. A., A. Copeland, and C. T. Ross. 2018. “Asphalt pavement industry survey on recycled materials and warm-mix asphalt usage 2017 information series 138 8th annual survey.” In National asphalt pavement association, 131. Washington, DC: USDOT.
Xu, N., H. Wang, H. Wang, M. Kazemi, and E. Fini. 2023. “Research progress on resource utilization of waste cooking oil in asphalt materials: A state-of-the-art review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 385 (Oct): 135427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135427.
Xu, X., A. Sreeram, Z. Leng, J. Yu, R. Li, and C. Peng. 2022. “Challenges and opportunities in the high-quality rejuvenation of unmodified and SBS modified asphalt mixtures: State of the art.” J. Cleaner Prod. 378 (Mar): 134634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134634.
Yan, K., W. Liu, L. You, J. Ou, and M. Zhang. 2021. “Evaluation of waste cooling oil and European rock asphalt modified asphalt with laboratory tests and economic cost comparison.” J. Cleaner Prod. 310 (Mar): 127364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127364.
Yan, S., C. Zhou, and J. Ouyang. 2022a. “Rejuvenation effect of waste cooking oil on the adhesion characteristics of aged asphalt to aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 327 (Apr): 126907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126907.
Yan, S., C. Zhou, and Y. Sun. 2022b. “Evaluation of rejuvenated aged-asphalt binder by waste-cooking oil with secondary aging considered.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (8): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004306.
Yang, H., and R. Dong. 2022. “Investigating the properties of rejuvenated asphalt with the modified rejuvenator prepared by waste cooking oil and waste tire crumb rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 315 (83): 125692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125692.
Zargar, M., E. Ahmadinia, H. Asli, and M. R. Karim. 2012. “Investigation of the possibility of using waste cooking oil as a rejuvenating agent for aged bitumen.” J. Hazard. Mater. 233 (Sep): 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.021.
Zhang, L., X. Liu, M. Zhang, T. Wang, H. Tang, and Y. Jia. 2023. “The effect of pH/PAC on the coagulation of anionic surfactant wastewater generated in the cosmetic production.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (2): 109312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109312.
Zhao, Y., M. Chen, S. Wu, and J. Qi. 2022. “Rheological properties and microscopic characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt using different components from waste cooking oil.” J. Cleaner Prod. 370 (Oct): 133556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133556.
Zhao, Y., M. Chen, S. Wu, H. Xu, P. Wan, and J. Zhang. 2023. “Preparation and characterization of phase change capsules containing waste cooking oil for asphalt binder thermoregulation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 395 (Jun): 132311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132311.
Ziari, H., A. Moniri, P. Bahri, and Y. Saghafi. 2019. “Evaluation of performance properties of 50% recycled asphalt mixtures using three types of rejuvenators.” Pet. Sci. Technol. 37 (23): 2355–2361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1550505.
Zou, Y., S. Amirkhanian, S. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Effect of different aqueous solutions on physicochemical properties of asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 286 (Jun): 122810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122810.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 150 • Issue 1 • March 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 6, 2023
Accepted: Oct 24, 2023
Published online: Dec 23, 2023
Published in print: Mar 1, 2024
Discussion open until: May 23, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Acids
- Aging (material)
- Asphalt pavements
- Binders (material)
- Chemical compounds
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Deterioration
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Fluid mechanics
- Hydrologic engineering
- Infrastructure
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Pavements
- Recycling
- Rheology
- Transportation engineering
- Viscosity
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.