An Experimental Comparative Study of a Solid-State Ammonia Dosing System and Traditional Adblue Dosing System on a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SCR System
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 10
Abstract
Solid ammonia dosing technology has been extensively researched in the last decade as an effective solution to address issues such as urea crystallization and carrier blockage in traditional selective catalyst reduction (SCR) systems. In this study, a comparison of nitrogen oxide (NOx) conversion efficiency between solid ammonia dosing (SAD) and Adblue dosing on a heavy-duty diesel engine SCR system was conducted. First, an engine emission test bench with SAD SCR and Adblue SCR systems was established. Subsequently, both dosing systems were tested and studied on the engine emission test rig. The results showed that the NOx conversion efficiency of SAD was slightly improved by approximately 2%–5% when the catalyst upstream temperature exceeded 250°C, compared with the Adblue system. This improvement can be attributed to the better mixing ability of SAD. Additionally, SAD demonstrated significant advantages in avoiding issues related to urea decomposition at low exhaust temperatures. Furthermore, similar results were observed in the emission cycle test results of the engine. Under the European steady-state cycle (ESC) and European transient cycle (ETC) conditions, the NOx conversion efficiency of SAD was only slightly higher than that of the Adblue system by about 2%. However, under the world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC) condition, where more low-temperature operating conditions are included, the beneficial weighted NOx conversion efficiency of SAD increased to approximately 7.4% at a release condition of 190°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Ates, C., M. Börnhorst, R. Koch, M. Eck, O. Deutschmann, and H. J. Bauer. 2021. “Morphological characterization of urea derived deposits in SCR systems.” Chem. Eng. J. 409 (Apr): 128230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128230.
Elmøe, T. D., R. Z. Sørensen, U. Quaade, C. H. Christensen, J. K. Nørskov, and T. Johannessen. 2006. “A high-density ammonia storage/delivery system based on Mg(NH3)6Cl2 for SCR DeNOx in vehicles.” Chem. Eng. Sci. 61 (8): 2618–2625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.11.038.
Giechaskiel, B., R. Suarez-Bertoa, T. Lähde, M. Clairotte, M. Carriero, P. Bonnel, and M. Maggiore. 2018. “Evaluation of NOx emissions of a retrofitted Euro 5 passenger car for the Horizon prize ‘Engine retrofit’.” Environ. Res. 166 (Oct): 298–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.006.
Jin, J., J. Pan, Z. Lu, Q. Wu, and L. Xu. 2021. “Effect of balance valve on an asymmetric twin-scroll turbine for heavy-duty diesel engine.” Int. J. Engine Res. 22 (7): 2281–2292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420930162.
Johannessen, T., H. Schmidt, A. M. Frey, and C. H. Christensen. 2009. “Improved automotive NOx aftertreatment system: Metal ammine complexes as source for SCR using Fe-containing zeolite catalysts.” Catal. Lett. 128 (1): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-008-9809-6.
Johannessen, T., H. Schmidt, J. Svagin, J. Johansen, J. Oechsle, and R. Bradley. 2008. Ammonia storage and delivery systems for automotive NOx aftertreatment. Washington, DC: SAE 2008 World Congress and Exhibition.
Joseph, J., S. Pachamuthu, J. M. Solomon, and R. Sathyamurthy. 2021. “Experimental investigation to enhance the low-temperature nitrogen oxide emission reduction in biodiesel exhaust using selective catalytic reduction with direct ammonia injection and manganese cerium zirconia catalyst.” Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 40 (4): e13622. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13622.
Joshi, A. 2020. “Review of vehicle engine efficiency and emissions.” SAE Int. J. Adv. Curr. Pract. Mobility 2 (5): 2479–2507. https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0352.
Kim, H., C. Yoon, J. Lee, and H. Lee. 2014. A study on the solid ammonium SCR system for control of diesel NOx emissions. Detroit: SAE 2014 World Congress and Exhibition.
Kruger, M., P. Nisius, V. Scholz, and A. Wiartalla. 2003. “A compact solid SCR system for NOx reduction in passenger cars and light duty trucks.” In Proc., MTZ World 2003, 14–17. Berlin: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Lacin, F., A. Kotrba, G. Hayworth, H. Sullivan, M. Tatur, J. Jacques, D. Tomazic, and H. Cho. 2011. SOLID SCR: Demonstrating an improved approach to NOx reduction via a solid reductant. Washington, DC: SAE 2011 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2207.
Li, J., Y. Ge, C. He, J. Tan, Z. Peng, Z. Li, W. Chen, and S. Wang. 2017. The application of solid selective catalytic reduction on heavy-duty diesel engine. Washington, DC: SAE 201 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2364.
Liu, Q., Y. Naiqiang, Q. Zhan, Z. Songjian, H. Wenjun, and Z. Zhengxuan. 2017. “Research on low temperature SCR denitration performance of vanadium-based catalysts.” [In Chinese.] Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (9): 116–123.
Liu, Y., H. Guangdi, and Q. Baohua. 2021. “Solid-state SCR technology reduces NOx emissions from diesel engine exhaust.” [In Chinese.] Environ. Eng. J. 15 (2): 626–634.
Liu, Y., and J. Tan. 2020. “Experimental study on solid SCR technology to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines.” IEEE Access 8 (Apr): 151106–151115. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3016959.
Ma, J., Q. Dawei, and L. Jun. 2015. “Decomposition characteristics of solid reductant in vehicle selective catalytic reduction system.” [In Chinese.] J. Jilin Univ. (Eng. Technol. Ed.) 45 (6): 1804–1810. https://doi.org/10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb201506011.
Ministry of Ecology and Environment. 2020. “China mobile source environmental management annual report (2020).” Accessed May 1, 2021. http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/ydyhjgl/.
Peng, Q., H. Chao, L. Jiaqiang, W. Yanyan, and T. Jianwei. 2020. “Model-based NOx emission characteristics at intersection bus stations.” [In Chinese.] Sci. Technol. Eng. 20 (31): 13035–13039.
Praveena, V., M. Martin, and J. Leenus. 2017. “A review on various after treatment techniques to reduce NOx emissions in a CI engine.” J. Energy Inst. 91 (5): 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.05.010.
Qian, F., L. Lü, and D. Yang. 2018. “Simulation of influencing factors of deposits on exhaust pipe wall of diesel engine SCR system.” [In Chinese.] J. Intern. Combust. Engine 36 (2): 144–152. https://doi.org/10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.201802019.
Qu, D. W., K. Zhang, L. Y. Fan, and H. B. Gao. 2014. “Simulation study for mixing characteristics of and automobile exhaust in the SSCR system.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 596 (Sep): 755–759. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.596.755.
Raza, H., S. Woo, and H. Kim. 2022. “Investigation of an ammonium carbamate–based SCR system for NOx reduction in diesel engines under transient conditions.” Energy 251 (Jun): 123918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123918.
Sun, S. 2018. Research on the emission characteristics of the solid ammonia SCR system engine bench and the whole vehicle. Shanghai, China: Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.
Sun, S., G. Bin, C. Ting, N. Hong, and L. He. 2018. “Research on road emission test of SSCR system based on PEMS measurement.” [In Chinese.] Diesel Engine 40 (4): 10–14.
Wang, J., W. Xinghua, J. Liang, D. Yan, and Z. Weidong. 2016. “Numerical simulation of influencing factors of spray decomposition of urea aqueous solution in SCR system.” [In Chinese.] Transact. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 47 (10): 372–375.
Wang, L. 2017. “The seven years of SSCR.” Automob. Obs. 2017 (12): 101.
Wang, Z., W. Xiaohua, G. Shenggang, L. Jianwen, W. Yibao, K. Mengqian, and S. Shijin. 2020. “Current status and prospects of aftertreatment technologies to meet ultra-low emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines.” Environ. Eng. 38 (9): 159–167. https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.202009026.
Woo, S. H., H. Raza, W. M. Kang, S. B. Choe, M. H. Im, K. S. Lim, J. G. Nam, and H. Kim. 2023. “An ammonia supplying system using ammonium salt to reduce the NOx emissions of a 1.1 MW marine engine.” J. Mar. Eng. Technol. 22 (1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2022.2127402.
Xia, C., Y. Zhu, D. Liu, S. Zhou, Y. Feng, J. Shi, and Y. Jun. 2023. “Newly developed detailed urea decomposition mechanism by marine engine urea-SCR system crystallization test and DFT calculations.” Chem. Eng. J. 470 (Aug): 144176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144176.
Zhang, K. 2015. Ammonia distribution characteristics and NOx conversion efficiency of solid ammonium SCR system. Changchun, China: Jilin Univ.
Zhao, H., and W. Wulin. 2010. Aftertreatment technology of automotive diesel engine. Beijing: China Science Press.
Zhou, H., S. Yaxin, D. Wenyi, and Z. Fangchuan. 2016. “Research progress of HC-SCR on metal oxide catalysts.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (1): 93–100.
Zhu, M., H. Zhenqi, X. Shaohua, J. Yusheng, and L. Junxiang. 2020. “Assessment and prediction of SCR urea crystallization risk.” J. Intern. Combust. Engine 38 (1): 90–95. https://doi.org/10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202001012.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 21, 2024
Accepted: May 16, 2024
Published online: Aug 9, 2024
Published in print: Oct 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jan 9, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
- [Inorganic compounds]
- Air pollution
- Ammonia
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Comparative studies
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Emissions
- Energy engineering
- Energy sources (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Engines
- Environmental engineering
- Equipment and machinery
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Fuels
- Hydraulic engineering
- Hydrologic engineering
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Measurement (by type)
- Methodology (by type)
- Non-renewable energy
- Organic compounds
- Organic compounds
- Petroleum
- Pollutants
- Pollution
- Research methods (by type)
- Solid mechanics
- Temperature (by type)
- Temperature effects
- Temperature measurement
- Thermal properties
- Thermodynamics
- Transient response
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.