Abstract

In the present study, two catalysts, MCM-41 and ZSM-5/MCM-41, were prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method and their catalytic ozonation performances on pesticide wastewater were investigated. MCM-41 and ZSM-5/MCM-41 were proved to be a mesoporous structure and a micro-mesoporous structure, respectively, by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The experimental results indicated that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate increased from 57.46% without catalysts to 79.35% and 87.56%, respectively, in the presence of MCM-41 and ZSM-5/MCM-41 after 100 min of catalytic ozonation. The catalytic activity of ZSM-5/MCM-41 was found to be greater than that of MCM-41. OH· played an important role in the catalytic ozonation, which was verified by the tert-butanol test. The catalysts had highest activity at pH of 7, and both higher and lower pH values reduced the catalytic ozonation. The optimal ozone dosage was found to be 22.0  mgL1min1 for the COD removal of the pesticide wastewater. The catalysts could be reused five times without significant loss of the catalytic activity, suggesting that the catalysts could be promising catalysts for the catalytic ozonation of the pesticide wastewater.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province (20170520368); the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian (2019J13FZ128); and the Joint Research Fund Liaoning-Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (20180510004).

References

Asgari, G., F. Samiee, M. Ahmadian, A. Poormohammadi, and B. Solimanzadeh. 2017. “Catalytic ozonation of pentachlorophenol in aqueous solutions using granular activated carbon.” Appl. Water Sci. 7 (1): 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0254-y.
Barbarini, A., R. Maggi, A. Mazzacani, G. Mori, G. Sartori, and R. Sartorio. 2003. “Cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides over both homogeneous and silica-supported guanidine catalysts.” Tetrahedron Lett. 44 (14): 2931–2934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00424-6.
Boukoussa, B., N. Aouad, R. Hamacha, and A. Bengueddach. 2015. “Key factor affecting the structural and textural properties of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite.” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 78 (Mar): 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2014.11.006.
Čadková, E., M. Komárek, J. Debord, L. Puppa, F. Bordas, and J. Bollinger. 2013. “pKa constant determination of two triazole pesticides: Tebuconazole and penconazole.” J. Solution Chem. 42 (5): 1075–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-013-0012-z.
Chen, H., and J. Wang. 2019. “Catalytic ozonation of sulfamethoxazole over Fe3O4/Co3O4 composites.” Chemosphere 234 (Nov): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.014.
Chen, H. Y., H. X. Xi, X. Y. Cai, and Y. Qian. 2009. “Experimental and molecular simulation studies of a ZSM-5-MCM-41 micro-mesoporous molecular sieve.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 118 (1–3): 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.09.020.
Chinese Standard. 2017. Water quality—Determination of the chemical oxygen demand—Dichromate method. HJ 828-201. Beijing: Ministry of Environment Protection.
Coriolano, A. C. F., C. G. C. Silva, M. J. F. Costa, S. B. C. Pergher, V. P. S. Galdeira, and A. S. Araujo. 2013. “Development of HZSM-5/AlMCM-41 hybrid micro-mesoporous material and application for pyrolysis of vacuum gasoil.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 172 (May): 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.01.022.
Dai, Q., Z. Zhang, T. Zhan, Z. Hu, and J. Chen. 2018. “Catalytic ozonation for the degradation of 5-Sulfosalicylic acid with spinel-type ZnAl2O4 prepared by hydrothermal, sol-gel, and coprecipitation methods: A comparison study.” ACS Omega 3 (6): 6506–6512. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00263.
Dai, X., F. Qiu, X. Zhou, Y. Long, W. Li, and Y. Tu. 2014. “Amino-functionalized MCM-41 for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of trace lead and cadmium.” Electrochim. Acta 144 (Oct): 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.093.
Djebri, N., M. Boutahala, N. E. Chelali, N. Boukhalfa, and L. Zeroual. 2016. “Enhanced removal of cationic dye by calcium alginate/organobentonite beads: Modeling, kinetics, equilibriums, thermodynamic and reusability studies.” Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 92 (Nov): 1277–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.013.
Ghuge, S. P., and A. K. Saroha. 2018. “Catalytic ozonation of dye industry effluent using mesoporous bimetallic Ru-Cu/SBA-15 catalyst.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 118 (Aug): 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.06.033.
Jaafarzadeh, N., F. Ghanbari, and M. Ahmadi. 2017. “Efficient degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by peroxymonosulfate/magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles/ozone: A novel combination of advanced oxidation processes.” Chem. Eng. J. 320 (Jul): 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.036.
Jalil, P. A., M. S. Kariapper, M. Faiz, N. Tabet, N. M. Hamdan, J. Diaz, and Z. Hussain. 2005. “Surface and bulk investigation of ZSM5 and Al-MCM-41 using synchrotron XPS, XANES, and hexane cracking.” Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 290 (1–2): 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.05.025.
Javadi, N. H. S., M. Baghdadi, N. Mehrdadi, and M. Mortazavi. 2018. “Removal of benzotriazole from secondary municipal wastewater effluent by catalytic ozonation in the presence of magnetic alumina nanocomposite.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6 (5): 6421–6430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.063.
Jermy, B. R., M. A. B. Siddiqui, A. M. Aitani, M. R. Saeed, and S. Al-Khtattaf. 2012. “Utilization of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite as FCC catalyst additive for enhancing propylene yield from VGO cracking.” J. Porous Mater. 19 (4): 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-011-9499-0.
Jiang, T., L. Qi, M. Ji, H. Ding, Y. Li, Z. Tao, and Q. Zhao. 2012. “Characterization of Y/MCM-41 composite molecular sieve with high stability from Kaolin and its catalytic property.” Appl. Clay Sci. 62–63 (Jul): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.016.
Jin, F., Y. Yan, and G. Wu. 2020. “Ethylene oligomerization over H- and Ni-form aluminosilicate composite with ZSM-5 and MCM-41 structure: Effect of acidity strength, nickel site and porosity.” Catal. Today 355 (Sep): 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.06.050.
Kamil, M. S. M., and K. K. Cheralathan. 2020. “Facile synthesis of hydrothermally stable mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite from Al-SBA-16 via steam assisted crystallization.” J. Porous Mater. 27 (2): 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-019-00839-2.
Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., M. Ziółek, and J. Nawrocki. 2003. “Catalytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water treatment.” Appl. Catal., B 46 (4): 639–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(03)00326-6.
Khuntia, S., S. K. Majumder, and P. Ghosh. 2016. “Catalytic ozonation of dye in a microbubble system: Hydroxyl radical contribution and effect of salt.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4 (2): 2250–2258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.04.005.
Klančar, A., J. Trontelj, A. Kristl, A. Meglič, T. Rozina, M. Justin, and R. Roškar. 2016. “An advanced oxidation process for wastewater treatment to reduce the ecological burden from pharmacotherapy and the agricultural use of pesticides.” Ecol. Eng. 97 (Dec): 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.09.010.
Kloetstra, K. R., H. W. Zandbergen, J. C. Jansen, and H. V. Bekkum. 1996. “Over growth of mesoporous MCM-41 on faujasite.” Microporous Mater. 6 (5–6): 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-6513(96)00036-3.
Kondawar, S. E., A. S. Potdar, and C. V. Rode. 2015. “Solvent-free carbonylation of glycerol with urea using metal loaded MCM-41 catalysts.” RSC Adv. 5 (21): 16452–16460. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA11590B.
Kwong, C. W., C. Y. H. Chao, K. S. Hui, and M. P. Wan. 2008. “Catalytic ozonation of toluene using zeolite and MCM-41 materials.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (22): 8504–8509. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801087f.
Li, H., S. He, K. Ma, Q. Wu, Q. Jiao, and K. Sun. 2013. “Micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieves H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether: Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in H-ZSM-5.” Appl. Catal., A 450 (Jan): 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.10.014.
Li, Z., F. Liu, H. You, Y. Ding, J. Yao, and C. Jin. 2018. “Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal chemical industry wastewater using the catalytic ozonation process combined with a gas-liquid-solid internal circulating fluidized bed reactor.” Water Sci. Technol. 77 (7): 1931–1941. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.073.
Liu, D., M. Lin, W. Chen, J. Wang, X. Guo, X. Li, and L. Li. 2022. “Enhancing catalytic ozonation activity of MCM-41 via one-step incorporating fluorine and iron: The interfacial reaction induced by hydrophobic sites and Lewis acid sites.” Chemosphere 292 (Apr): 133544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133544.
Liu, Z., B. Han, G. Wen, J. Ma, S. Wang, R. Zha, L. Shen, and C. Wang. 2014. “Full-scale application of catalytic ozonation for drinking water treatment: Case study in China.” J. Environ. Eng. 140 (9): A5013002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000735.
Liu, Z. Q., J. Tu, Q. Wang, Y. Cui, L. Zhang, X. Wu, B. Zhang, and J. Ma. 2018. “Catalytic ozonation of diethyl phthalate in aqueous solution using graphite supported zinc oxide.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 200 (Jul): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.026.
Ma, J., Y. Chen, J. Nie, L. Ma, Y. Huang, L. Li, Y. Liu, and Z. Guo. 2018. “Pilot-scale study on catalytic ozonation of bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater using recycled waste iron shavings as a catalyst.” Sci. Rep. 8 (1): 7555–7566. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25761-6.
Ma, W., B. Liu, X. Ji, X. Li, B. Yan, Z. Cheng, and G. Chen. 2017. “Catalytic co-cracking of distilled bio-oil and ethanol over Ni-ZSM-5/MCM-41 in a fixed-bed.” Biomass Bioenergy 102 (Jul): 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.04.006.
Mehrjouei, M., S. Müller, and D. Möller. 2015. “A review on photocatalytic ozonation used for the treatment of water and wastewater.” Chem. Eng. J. 263 (1): 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.10.112.
Miklos, D. B., C. Remy, M. Jekel, K. J. Lenden, J. E. Drewes, and U. Hübner. 2018. “Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment-a critical review.” Water Res. 139 (Aug): 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042.
Naranov, E. R., A. A. Sadovnikov, A. L. Maximov, and E. A. Karakhanov. 2018. “Development of micro-mesoporous materials with lamellar structure as the support of NiW catalysts.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 263 (Jun): 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.12.021.
Nawrocki, J. 2013. “Catalytic ozonation in water: Controversies and questions.” Appl. Catal., B 142–143 (Oct–Nov): 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.05.061.
Nawrocki, J., and B. Kasprzyk-Hordern. 2010. “The efficiency and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation.” Appl. Catal., B 99 (1–2): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.06.033.
Nebout, P., B. Cagnon, S. Delpeux, A. D. Giusto, and O. Chedeville. 2016. “Comparison of the efficiency of adsorption, ozonation, and ozone/activated carbon coupling for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water.” J. Environ. Eng. 142 (2): 04015074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001042.
OECD. 2013. Test No. 236: Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 2. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Pan, Z., J. Zeng, B. Lan, and L. Li. 2015. “Catalytic activity of argentum-loaded MCM-41 for ozonation of p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) in aqueous solution.” J. Adv. Oxidation Technol. 18 (1): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-2015-0117.
Petre, A. L., J. B. Carbajo, R. Rosal, E. Garcia-Calvo, and J. A. Perdigón-Melón. 2013. “CuO/SBA-15 catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of mesoxalic and oxalic acids. Water matrix effects.” Chem. Eng. J. 225 (Jun): 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.071.
Roy, S. K., D. Dutta, and A. K. Talukdar. 2018. “Highly effective methylated Ti MCM-41 catalyst for cyclohexene oxidation.” Mater. Res. Bull. 103 (Jul): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.03.017.
Sabarish, R., and G. Unnikrishnan. 2020. “A novel anionic surfactant as template for the development of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite and its catalytic performance.” J. Porous Mater. 27 (3): 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-019-00852-5.
Sahoo, D. P., D. Rath, B. Nanda, and K. M. Parida. 2015. “Transition metal/metal oxide modified MCM-41 for pollutant degradation and hydrogen energy production: A review.” RSC Adv. 5 (102): 83707–83724. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA14555D.
Samanta, S., S. Giri, P. U. Sastry, N. K. Mal, A. Manna, and A. Bhaumik. 2003. “Synthesis and characterization of iron-rich highly ordered mesoporous Fe-MCM-41.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (13): 3012–3018. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie020905g.
Sangchoom, W., and R. Mokaya. 2012. “High temperature synthesis of exceptionally stable pure silica MCM-41 and stabilisation of calcined mesoporous silicas via refluxing in water.” J. Mater. Chem. 22 (36): 18872–18878. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33837h.
Shahidi, D., R. Roy, and A. Azzouz. 2015. “Advances in catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants-Prospects for thorough mineralization by natural clay catalysts.” Appl. Catal., B 174–175 (Sep): 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.02.042.
Shikuku, V. O., C. O. Kowenje, D. M. K. Ongeri, R. Zanella, and O. D. Prestes. 2014. “Removal of tebuconazole from wastewater by zeolite X: Kinetics and thermodynamics studies.” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 3 (8): 1584–1590. https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV3IS080860.
Solanki, P., S. Patel, R. Devkar, and A. Patel. 2019. “Camptothecin encapsulated into functionalized MCM-41: In vitro release study, cytotoxicity and kinetics.” Mater. Sci. Eng., C 98 (May): 1014–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.065.
Subsadsana, M., P. Kham-or, P. Sangdara, P. Suwannasom, and C. Ruangviriyachai. 2017. “Synthesis and catalytic performance of bimetallic NiMo- and NiW-ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites for production of liquid biofuels.” J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 45 (7): 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(17)30039-7.
Tang, Q., H. Xu, Y. Zheng, J. Wang, H. Li, and J. Zhang. 2012. “Catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over micro-mesoporous ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves.” Appl. Catal., A 413–414 (Jan): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.10.039.
Turan-Ertas, T., and M. D. Gurol. 2002. “Oxidation of diethylene glycol with ozone and modified Fenton processes.” Chemosphere 47 (3): 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00312-5.
Wang, B., H. Zhang, F. Wang, X. Xiong, K. Tian, Y. Sun, and T. Yu. 2019a. “Application of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for refractory organics in wastewater.” Catalysts 9 (3): 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9030241.
Wang, J., and H. Chen. 2020. “Catalytic ozonation for water and wastewater treatment: Recent advances and perspective.” Sci. Total Environ. 704 (Feb): 135249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135249.
Wang, Y., L. Chen, C. Chen, J. Xi, H. Cao, X. Duan, Y. Xie, W. Song, and S. Wang. 2019b. “Occurrence of both hydroxyl radical and surface oxidation pathways in N-doped layered nanocarbons for aqueous catalytic ozonation.” Appl. Catal., B 254 (Oct): 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.05.008.
Westlund, P., S. Isazadeh, A. Therrien, and V. Yargeau. 2018. “Endocrine activities of pesticides during ozonation of waters.” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 100 (1): 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2254-8.
Xiao, J., Y. Xie, H. Cao, Y. Wang, Z. Guo, and Y. Chen. 2016. “Towards effective design of active nanocarbon materials for integrating visible-light photocatalysis with ozonation.” Carbon 107 (Oct): 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.06.066.
Xiong, Z., X. Cheng, and D. Sun. 2011. “Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process.” J. Environ. Sci. 23 (5): 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60465-2.
Xu, H., D. Zhang, and F. Wu. 2018. “Effect of the template on the hydrothermal synthesis of mixed molecular sieves for methanol dehydration.” Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 37 (6): 2132–2138. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12880.
Yin, R., W. Guo, J. Du, X. Zhou, H. Zheng, Q. Wu, J. Chang, and N. Ren. 2017. “Heteroatoms doped graphene for catalytic ozonation of sulfamethoxazole by metal-free catalysis: Performances and mechanisms.” Chem. Eng. J. 317 (Jun): 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.038.
Yu, G., Y. Wang, H. Cao, H. Zhao, and Y. Xie. 2020. “Reactive oxygen species and catalytic active sites in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for water purification.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 54 (10): 5931–5946. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00575.
Zhang, H., F. Z. Ji, Y. H. Zhang, Z. C. Pan, and B. Lai. 2018. “Catalytic ozonation of N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) in aqueous solution using nanoscaled magnetic CuFe2O4.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 193 (Mar): 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.028.
Zhuang, H., J. Guo, and X. Hong. 2018. “Advanced treatment of paper-making wastewater using catalytic ozonation with waste rice straw-derived activated carbon-supported manganese oxides as a novel and efficient catalyst.” Polish J. Environ. Stud. 27 (1): 451–457. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/74483.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 149Issue 6June 2023

History

Received: Jun 13, 2022
Accepted: Jan 26, 2023
Published online: Mar 16, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Aug 16, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

ASCE Technical Topics:

Authors

Affiliations

Professor, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China. Email: [email protected]
Jingcheng Wei, S.M.ASCE [email protected]
Master’s Student, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China. Email: [email protected]
Master’s Student, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China. Email: [email protected]
Jianwei Song [email protected]
Master’s Student, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China. Email: [email protected]
Yingying Wang [email protected]
Master’s Student, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China. Email: [email protected]
Professor, College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian Univ., Dalian 116622, PR China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Professor, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime Univ., Dalian 116026, PR China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-8867. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by a Catalyst for Efficient Phenol Degradation in Water, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-7572, 150, 8, (2024).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share