Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Mortars Containing Rubber Waste Particles as Fine Aggregate in Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 9
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using rubber waste particles (RWP) as a substitute for fine aggregate type in mortar, which can provide valuable results in reducing both natural resource consumption and environmental pollution, was evaluated in terms of engineering properties. Due to the dimensional proximity of RWP and fine aggregate and the physical properties of RWP, substitution of these two materials was used in this study. In the mortar produced in this study, 4 different mixtures were produced in which RWP was substituted with fine aggregate and sand at 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by volume. The binder dosage was kept constant at and the water/cement ratio was 0.532. The changes in the mechanical properties (flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, and stress-strain) of the mixtures were evaluated after freeze-thaw cycles, a natural environmental effect. Prism specimens were subjected to compressive and tensile strength tests after 25, 50, 100, and 200 freeze-thaw (FT)-cycles, while the change in stress-strain behavior was studied on cube specimens after FT-cycles. The results showed that the losses in compressive and flexural tensile strength were in the range of 8%–27% and 5%–49%, respectively. Moreover, the load-displacement behavior varies with varying compressive strengths after different number of cycles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Akbarpour, A., M. Mahdikhani, and R. Z. Moayed. 2022. “Effects of natural zeolite and sulfate ions on the mechanical properties and microstructure of plastic concrete.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 16 (1): 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0793-x.
Akbarpour, A., M. Mahdikhani, and R. Ziaie Moayed. 2021. “Mechanical behavior and permeability of plastic concrete containing natural zeolite under triaxial and uniaxial compression.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (2): 04021453. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004093.
Akgül, M., O. Doğan, and S. Etli. 2020. “Investigation of mechanical properties of granulated waste rubber aggregates substituted self-compacting concrete mortar produced with different cement.” Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma Gelistirme Dergisi 12 (2): 787–798. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.734614.
Al-Akhras, N. M., and M. M. Smadi. 2004. “Properties of tire rubber ash mortar.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (7): 821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.004.
ASTM. 2003. Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. ASTM C666-97. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2007. Compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars [using 2-in. or (50-mm) cube specimens]. ASTM C109/C109M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concretes. ASTM C1585-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard test method for flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. ASTM C348-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bignozzi, M. C., and F. Sandrolini. 2006. “Tyre rubber waste recycling in self-compacting concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (4): 735–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.011.
Billberg, P. 1999. “Fine mortar rheology in mix design of SCC.” In Proc., 1st Int. RILEM Symp. on Self Compacting Concrete, edited by Å. Skarendahl and Ö. Petersson, 47–58. Paris: RILEM.
Cemalgil, S., S. Etli, and O. Onat. 2018. “Curing effect on mortar properties produced with styrene-butadiene rubber.” Comput. Concr. 21 (6): 705–715. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.21.6.705.
Cemalgil, S., O. Onat, M. K. Tanaydın, and S. Etli. 2021. “Effect of waste textile dye adsorbed almond shell on self compacting mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 300 (Sep): 123978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123978.
Du, P., Y. Yao, L. Wang, D. Xu, Z. Zhou, J. Sun, and X. Cheng. 2019. “Using strain to evaluate influence of air content on frost resistance of concrete.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 157 (Jan): 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.09.012.
Eden, M. A., and W. J. French. 2005. “Aggregates.” In Encyclopedia of geology, 34–43. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Eldin, N. N., and A. B. Senouci. 1993. “Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 5 (4): 478–496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:4(478).
Etli, S. 2022. “KYB’de Kullanılan Cam Kumun KYB Yük-Deplasman İlişkisinin Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması.” Int. J. Innovative Eng. Appl. 6 (2): 237–244. https://doi.org/10.46460/ijiea.1108476.
Etli, S. 2023a. “Effect of glass sand used as aggregate on micro-concrete properties.” J. Croatian Assoc. Civ. Eng. 75 (1): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.3538.2022.
Etli, S. 2023b. “Evaluation of the effect of silica fume on the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting concrete produced by using waste rubber as fine aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod. 384 (Jan): 135590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135590.
Etli, S., and S. Cemalgil. 2020. “Effects of specimen size on the compressive strength of rubber modified self-compacting concrete.” Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 6 (2): 118–129. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.789480.
Etli, S., S. Cemalgil, and O. Onat. 2018. “Mid-temperature thermal effects on properties of mortar produced with waste rubber as fine aggregate.” Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 4 (1): 10–22. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.341413.
Etli, S., S. Cemalgil, and O. Onat. 2021. “Effect of pumice powder and artificial lightweight fine aggregate on self-compacting mortar.” Comput. Concr. 27 (3): 241–252. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2021.27.3.241.
Fatuhi, N. I., and N. A. Clark. 1996. “Cement-based materials containing tire rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 10 (4): 229–236.
Gaimster, R., and N. Dixon. 2003. “Self-compacting concrete.” In Advanced concrete technology, 1–23. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Gesoglu, M., E. Güneyisi, O. Hansu, S. Etli, and M. Alhassan. 2017. “Mechanical and fracture characteristics of self-compacting concretes containing different percentage of plastic waste powder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140 (Jun): 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.139.
Gesoğlu, M., and E. Güneyisi. 2011. “Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (8): 3319–3326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021.
Gong, S., W. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2018. “Frost resistance and impact properties of roller compacted concrete mixed with rubber particles and steel fibers.” Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 35 (8): 2199–2207. https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20170920.002.
Gou, Y., L. Zhang, C. Liu, H. Zhang, C. Wei, X. Cai, H. Yang, Q. Guan, S. Zhai, and L. Liu. 2021. “Investigation of freeze-thaw mechanism for crumb rubber concrete by the online strain sensor.” Measurement 174 (Apr): 109080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109080.
Gregori, A., C. Castoro, G. C. Marano, and R. Greco. 2019. “Strength reduction factor of concrete with recycled rubber aggregates from tires.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (8): 04019146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002783.
Grinys, A., A. Augonis, M. Daukšys, and D. Pupeikis. 2020. “Mechanical properties and durability of rubberized and SBR latex modified rubberized concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 248 (Jul): 118584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118584.
Güneyisi, E., and M. Gesoğlu. 2008. “Properties of self-compacting mortars with binary and ternary cementitious blends of fly ash and metakaolin.” Mater. Struct. 41 (9): 1519–1531. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9345-7.
Hall, C. 1989. “Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: A review.” Mag. Concr. Res. 41 (147): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1989.41.147.51.
Hua, L., F. Xiao, Y. Li, H. Huang, K. Zhao, K. Yu, and C. Hettiarachchi. 2020. “A potential damage mechanism of rubberized cement under freeze-thaw cycle.” Constr. Build. Mater. 252 (Aug): 119054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119054.
Lachemi, M., K. M. A. Hossain, R. Patel, M. Shehata, and N. Bouzoubaâ. 2007. “Influence of paste/mortar rheology on the flow characteristics of high-volume fly ash self-consolidating concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 59 (7): 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.7.517.
Lastik Sanayicileri Derneği. 2021. “Tyre industrialists association.” Accessed November 25, 2023. https://www.lasder.org.tr/.
Leung, H. Y., J. Kim, A. Nadeem, J. Jaganathan, and M. P. Anwar. 2016. “Sorptivity of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 113 (Jun): 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.071.
Li, L. G., Z. H. Huang, P. L. Ng, J. Zhu, and A. K. H. Kwan. 2017. “Effects of micro-silica and nano-silica on fresh properties of mortar.” Medziagotyra 23 (4): 362–371. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.23.4.16632.
Li, L. G., and A. K. H. Kwan. 2011. “Mortar design based on water film thickness.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2381–2390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.038.
Li, X., H. Hou, Q. Wen, M. Guan, and X. Guo. 2019. “Preparation and properties of polycarboxylate superplasticizer with high water-retaining property.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 631 (2): 022033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/631/2/022033.
Ng, I. Y. T., P. L. Ng, and A. K. H. Kwan. 2008. “Rheology of mortar and its influences on performance of self-consolidating concrete.” Key Eng. Mater. 400–402 (Oct): 421–426. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.421.
Richardson, A. E., K. A. Coventry, and G. Ward. 2012. “Freeze/thaw protection of concrete with optimum rubber crumb content.” J. Cleaner Prod. 23 (1): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.013.
Romero, H. L., A. Enfedaque, J. C. Gálvez, and M. J. Casati. 2015. “Complementary testing techniques applied to obtain the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete.” Mater. Constr. 65 (317): e048. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.01514.
Sato, T., and J. J. Beaudoin. 2011. “Coupled AC impedance and thermomechanical analysis of freezing phenomena in cement paste.” Mater. Struct. 44 (2): 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9635-3.
Savas, B. Z., S. Ahmad, and D. Fedroff. 1997. “Freeze-thaw durability of concrete with ground waste tire rubber.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1574 (1): 80–88. https://doi.org/10.3141/1574-11.
Siddique, R., J. Khatib, and I. Kaur. 2008. “Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review.” Waste Manage. 28 (10): 1835–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.011.
Siddique, R., and T. R. Naik. 2004. “Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber—An overview.” Waste Manage. 24 (6): 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006.
Sun, S., X. Han, A. Chen, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, and K. Li. 2023. “Experimental analysis and evaluation of the compressive strength of rubberized concrete during freeze–thaw cycles.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 17 (1): 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-023-00592-6.
The European Project Group. 2005. The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete specification, production, and use. Brussels, Belgium: European Federation for Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems.
Topçu, B. 1995. “The properties of rubberized concretes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (2): 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00014-3.
Topçu, I. B., and N. Avcular. 1997. “Analysis of rubberized concrete as a composite material.” Cem. Concr. Res. 27 (8): 1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00115-4.
Turkish Standard Institute. 2004. Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout—Part 2: Concrete Admixtures; definitions, requirements, conformity, vol. 2004. TS EN 934-2. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standard Institute.
Xu, B., D. V. Bompa, and A. Y. Elghazouli. 2020. “Cyclic stress–strain rate-dependent response of rubberised concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 254 (Sep): 119253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119253.
Yilmaz, A., and N. Degirmenci. 2009. “Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials.” Waste Manage. 29 (5): 1541–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.002.
Zhang, K., J. Zhou, and Z. Yin. 2021. “Experimental study on mechanical properties and pore structure deterioration of concrete under freeze–thaw cycles.” Materials 14 (21): 6568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216568.
Zhao, Y., X. Fan, L. Wang, and J. Shi. 2017. “Attenuation model of mechanical properties of concrete under different freezing and thawing.” Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 34 (2): 463–470.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 9 • September 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 4, 2023
Accepted: Feb 2, 2024
Published online: Jun 17, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 17, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Aggregates
- Building materials
- Compressive strength
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Flexural strength
- Infrastructure
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Mechanical properties
- Mortars
- Particle pollution
- Pavements
- Pollution
- Strength of materials
- Tensile strength
- Transportation engineering
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.