Investigation of Self-Compacting Concrete Behavior under Axial Load by Acoustic Emission Method
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 5
Abstract
The acoustic emission (AE) method is a nondestructive test method used when monitoring the damage propagation by detecting high-frequency elastic waves produced by the refraction process. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete that does not require vibration, has excellent fluidity, and is resistant to segregation. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the functioning of the AE technique, which is frequently used in normal concrete, in the behavior of SCC. For this purpose, simultaneous monitoring of SCCs under uniaxial compression load was performed with the AE method. In the concrete production, CEM I 42.5 R cement was used as binder, and fly ash (FA) and marble powder (MP) were used as mineral additives. The mineral additives used in the mixture were replaced with cement at a rate of 20%. In addition to the compressive strength of SCCs, crack analysis, AE amplitude, AE energy, ringing counts, and cumulative count results were investigated as a result of AE measurements. With the AE parameters obtained as a result of the simultaneous measurement, the behavior of SCCs under uniaxial load was successfully monitored. It has been observed that the behavior of SCC using different mineral additives changes according to the mineral additive type. Although the differences in compressive strengths are small, it has been demonstrated that the AE method can be followed successfully in different concrete types and different contents and the behavioral differences are revealed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dursun Döğer, Manager of TEKPROM (Compliance Assessment and Supervisory Services) for providing use of the AE processor system, and Yusuf Yildizoğlu for their unwavering help.
References
Abouhussien, A. A., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2017. “Acoustic emission monitoring of corrosion damage propagation in large-scale reinforced concrete beams.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 32 (2): 04017133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001127.
Aggelis, D., D. Soulioti, N. Barkoula, A. Paipetis, and T. Matikas. 2012. “Influence of fiber chemical coating on the acoustic emission behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (Jun): 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.07.003.
Aggelis, D. G. 2011. “Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters.” Mech. Res. Commun. 38 (3): 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.03.007.
Aggelis, D. G., M. E. Kadi, T. Tysmans, and J. Blom. 2017. “Effect of propagation distance on acoustic emission fracture mode classification in textile reinforced cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Aug): 872–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.166.
Andreykiv, O. Y., M. V. Lysak, O. M. Serhiyenko, and V. R. Skalsky. 2011. “Analysis of acoustic emission caused by internal cracks.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 68 (11): 1317–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00026-1.
ASTM. 1991. Standard test method for fly ash. Manual book of ASTM volume 04.02. ASTM C618 93. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Behnia, A., H. Chai, and T. Shiotani. 2014. “Advanced structural health monitoring of concrete structures with the aid of acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 65 (Aug): 282–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.103.
Bhosale, A., M. A. Rasheed, S. S. Prakash, and G. Raju. 2019. “A study on the efficiency of steel vs. synthetic vs. hybrid fibers on fracture behavior of concrete in flexure using acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 199 (Feb): 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.011.
Chen, Z., R. He, and X. Jin. 2022. “Study of the healing effect of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials after early-age damage by acoustic emission technique.” Appl. Sci. 12 (12): 5871. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12125871.
Chen, Z., G. Zhang, R. He, Z. Tian, C. Fu, and X. Jin. 2023. “Acoustic emission analysis of crack type identification of corroded concrete columns under eccentric loading: A comparative analysis of RA-AF method and Gaussian mixture model.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 18 (Jul): e02021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02021.
Çınar Resuloğulları, E., and B. Dündar. 2022. “Investigation of engineering properties of self-compacting concretes produced with different mineral additives.” Gazi Univ. J. Sci. Part C: Des. Technol. 10 (4): 699–710. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1179165.
Cortes, G., E. Suarez, A. Gallego, and A. Benavent-Climent. 2019. “Health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures with hysteretic dampers subjected to dynamical loads by means of the acoustic emission energy.” Struct. Health Monit. Int. J. 18 (5–6): 1836–1850. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921718813489.
Daczko, J. A. 2012. Self-consolidating concrete: Applying what we know CRC Press, 292. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
De Smedt, M., R. Vrijdaghs, C. Van Steen, E. Verstrynge, and L. Vandewalle. 2020. “Damage analysis in steel fibre reinforced concrete under monotonic and cyclic bending by means of acoustic emission monitoring.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 114 (Nov): 103765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103765.
Dimities, G. A. 2011. “Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters.” Mech. Res. Commun. 38 (3): 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.03.007.
EFNARC (European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems). 2005. The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete—Specification, production and use. Hochwiese, Switzerland: EFNARC.
El-Batanouny, M. K., J. Mangual, P. H. Ziehl, and F. Matta. 2014. “Early corrosion detection in prestressed concrete girders using acoustic emission.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (3): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000845.
Farhidzadeh, A., A. C. Mpalaskas, T. E. Matikas, H. Farhidzadeh, and D. G. Aggelis. 2014. “Fracture mode identification in cementitious materials using supervised pattern recognition of acoustic emission features.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.015.
Fu, C., R. He, and K. Wang. 2023. “The influences of corrosion degree and uniformity on bond strength and cracking pattern of 1 cement mortar and PVA-ECC.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35 (6): 04023134. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-14846.
Goszczyńska, B. 2014. “Analysis of the process of crack initiation and evolution in concrete with acoustic emission testing.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 14 (Aug): 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.06.002.
Goszczyńska, B., G. Świt, W. Trąmpczyński, A. Krampikowska, J. Tworzewska, and P. Tworzewski. 2012. “Experimental validation of concrete crack identification and location with acoustic emission method.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 12 (1): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.03.004.
Guan, X., J. Qiu, H. Song, Q. Qin, and C. Zhang. 2019. “Stress–strain behaviour and acoustic emission characteristic of gangue concrete under axial compression in frost environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 220 (Jun): 476–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.008.
Guofeng, M., and D. Qingjuan. 2020. “Structural health evaluation of the prestressed concrete using advanced acoustic emission (AE) parameters.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250 (Jul): 118860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118860.
Hassan, A. A. A., K. M. A. Hossain, and M. Lachemi. 2010. “Structural assessment of corroded self-consolidating concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 32 (3): 874–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.12.013.
He, R., C. Fu, H. Ma, H. Ye, and X. Jin. 2020. “Prediction of effective chloride diffusivity of cement paste and mortar from microstructural features.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (8): 04020211. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003288.
He, R., T. Nantung, J. Olek, and N. Lu. 2023. “Field study of the dielectric constant of concrete: A parameter less sensitive to environmental variations than electrical resistivity.” J. Build. Eng. 74 (Sep): 106938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106938.
Hemalatha, T., A. Ramaswamy, and J. M. C. Kishen. 2015. “Simplified mixture design for production of self-consolidating concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (2): 277–286. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687102.
Horii, H., and T. Ichinomiya. 1991. “Observation of fracture process zone by laser speckle technique and governing mechanism in fracture of concrete.” Int. J. Fract. 51 (Sep): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020850.
Isla, F., G. Ruano, and B. Luccioni. 2015. “Analysis of steel fibres pull-out. Experimental study.” Constr. Build. Mater. 100 (Jun): 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.034.
Karahan, O., K. M. A. Hossain, E. Ozbay, M. Lachemi, and E. Sancak. 2012. “Effect of metakaolin content on the properties self-consolidating lightweight concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 31 (Jun): 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.112.
Kawasaki, Y., S. Wasada, Y. Tomoda, and K. Izuno. 2014. “Evaluation for RC specimen damaged from rebar corrosion by acoustic emission technique.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.074.
Kim, J. S., K. S. Lee, W. J. Cho, H. J. Choi, and G. C. Cho. 2015. “A comparative evaluation of stress-strain and acoustic emission methods for quantitative damage assessments of brittle rock.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (Apr): 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0590-0.
Labuz, J. F., S. P. Shah, and C. H. Dowding. 1987. “The fracture process zone in granite: Evidence and effect.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 24 (4): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(87)90178-1.
Lissek, F., A. Haeger, V. Knoblauch, S. Hloch, F. Pude, and M. Kaufeld. 2018. “Acoustic emission for interlaminar toughness testing of CFRP: Evaluation of the crack growth due to burst analysis.” Composites, Part B 136 (Mar): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.012.
Máthis, K., and F. Chmelík. 2012. “Exploring plastic deformation of metallic materials by the acoustic emission technique.” In The Acoustic emission technique, edited by W. Sikorski, 23–48. London: In Tech. https://doi.org/10.5772/31660.
Nair, A., and C. S. Cai. 2010. “Acoustic emission monitoring of bridges: Review and case studies.” Eng. Struct. 32 (6): 1704–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.02.020.
Nguyen-Tat, T., N. Ranaivomanana, and J.-P. Balayssac. 2018. “Characterization of damage in concrete beams under bending with acoustic emission technique (AET).” Constr. Build. Mater. 187 (8): 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.217.
Nor, N., A. Ibrahim, N. Muhamad, and H. Mohd. 2013. “Acoustic emission signal for fatigue crack classification on the reinforced concrete beam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.057.
Ogawa, Y., Y. Kawasaki, and T. Okamoto. 2014. “Fracture behavior of RC members subjected to bending shear and torsion using acoustic emission method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 165–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.100.
Ohno, K., and M. Ohtsu. 2010. “Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (Jun): 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004.
Ohno, K., K. Uji, A. Ueno, and M. Ohtsu. 2014. “Fracture rocess zone in notched concrete beam under three-point bending by acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.012.
Ohtsu, M. 1996. “The history and development of acoustic emission in concrete engineering.” Mag. Concr. Res. 48 (177): 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1996.48.177.321.
Oz, F. E., S. Ahmadvashaghbash, and N. Ersoy. 2019. “Damage mode identification in transverse crack tension specimens using acoustic emission and correlation with finite element progressive damage model.” Composites, Part B 165 (May): 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.104.
Prem, P. R., and A. R. Murthy. 2017. “Acoustic emission monitoring of reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending.” Appl. Acoust. 117 (Feb): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.006.
Ranjbar, M. M., R. Madandoust, S. Y. Mousavi, and S. Yosefi. 2013. “Effects of natural zeolite on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacted concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.097.
RILEM Technical Committee. 2010. “Recommendation of RILEM TC 212-ACD: Acoustic emission and related NDE techniques for crack detection and damage evaluation in concrete.” Mater. Struct. 43 (Sep): 1187–1189. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9640-6.
Seddik, A., A. Beroual, A. Zergua, and M. N. Guetteche. 2013. “Self-compacting concrete under local conditions.” Open J. Civ. Eng. 3 (14): 119. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2013.32014.
Shahidan, S., R. Pulin, N. Bunnori, and K. Holford. 2013. “Damage classification in reinforced concrete beam by acoustic emission signal analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 45 (Apr): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.095.
Soulioti, D., N. Barkoula, A. Paipetis, T. Matikas, T. Shiotani, and D. Aggelis. 2009. “Acoustic emission behavior of steel fibre reinforced concrete under bending.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (12): 3532–3536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.042.
Suzuki, T., S. Nishimura, Y. Shimamoto, T. Shiotani, and M. Ohtsu. 2020. “Damage estimation of concrete canal due to freeze and thawed effects by acoustic emission and X-ray CT methods.” Constr. Build. Mater. 245 (Jun): 118343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118343.
Suzuki, T., H. Ogata, R. Takada, M. Aoki, and M. Ohtsu. 2010. “Use of acoustic emission and X-ray computed tomography for damage evaluation of freeze-thawed concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2347–2352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.005.
TSE (Turkish Standards Institution). 2009. Aggregates for concrete. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institution.
TSE (Turkish Standards Institution). 2012. Cement: General cements–Composition, properties and conformity criteria. TS EN 197-1. Ankara, Turkey: TSE.
TSE (Turkish Standards Institution). 2019. Testing hardened concrete—Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. TS EN 12390-3. Ankara, Turkey: TSE.
Yuan, R., and B. Shi. 2018. “Acoustic emission activity in directly tensile test on marble specimens and its tensile damage constitutive model.” Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 5 (3): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-018-0215-4.
Yue, J. G., S. K. Kunnath, and Y. Xiao. 2020. “Uniaxial concrete tension damage evolution using acoustic emission monitoring.” Constr. Build. Mater. 232 (Apr): 117281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117281.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 5 • May 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 6, 2023
Accepted: Oct 13, 2023
Published online: Feb 21, 2024
Published in print: May 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jul 21, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.