Performance of Cold-Mix Asphalt with Calcined Eggshell Powder–Activated GGBFS Filler
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 4
Abstract
Cold-mix asphalt (CMA) can be produced more sustainably by using byproducts as fillers instead of conventional materials such as cement. This study used a new filler of calcined eggshell powder (cESP)-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in CMA mixtures to improve performance and reduce curing time. The outcomes were compared with those of CMA mixtures comprising limestone and cement fillers and two hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures with AC10 and AC20 asphalt binders. This study used indirect tensile strength, cracking tolerance, and rutting performance as basic performance measurements and used moisture loss, volumetric properties, and microstructural analysis to visualize the mechanism behind the strength development. The results reveal that cESP-activated GGBFS can improve the performance of CMA mixtures at both early and late ages, and performs comparably to cement filler CMA and conventional HMA mixtures for application in pavement structural layers. The hydration products were visualized using microstructural analysis in the cement and cESP-activated GGBFS CMA mixtures, which can enhance the bond strength in the mixtures. Hydration reaction and moisture loss together contributed to strength development in cement and cESP-activated GGBFS CMA mixtures. Conversely, strength improvement in limestone and pure GGBFS mixtures was entirely attributable to the loss of water by evaporation. Because GGBFS and eggshells are byproducts, utilizing them in CMA construction will be economically and environmentally advantageous, and lead to improved mechanical performance and a shorter curing time.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank The Featured Area Research Center Program within the framework of the 5-Year Higher Education Sprout Project, Taiwan Building Technology Center, NTUST, for supporting this research.
References
Adogla, F., P. Paa, K. Yalley, and M. Arkoh. 2016. “Improving compressed laterite bricks using powdered eggshells.” Int. J. Eng. Sci. 5 (4): 65–70.
Afolayan, J. O., F. O. P. Oriola, G. Moses, and J. E. Sani. 2017. “Investigating the effect of eggshell ash on the properties of sandcrete block.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. Constr. Estate Manage. 5 (3): 43–54.
Al-Busaltan, S., H. A. Nageim, W. Atherton, and G. Sharples. 2012. “Mechanical properties of an upgrading cold-mix asphalt using waste materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (12): 1484–1491. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000540.
Al-Hdabi, A., H. Al Nageim, F. Ruddock, and L. Seton. 2013. “Enhancing the mechanical properties of gap graded cold asphalt containing cement utilising by-product material.” J. Civ. Eng. Archit. 7 (8): 916. https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2013.08.002.
Alizadeh, A., and A. Modarres. 2019. “Mechanical and microstructural study of RAP–clay composites containing bitumen emulsion and lime.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (2): 04018383. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002583.
Al Nageim, H., A. Dulaimi, S. Al-Busaltan, M. A. Kadhim, A. Al-Khuzaie, L. Seton, J. Croft, and J. Drake. 2023. “The development of an eco-friendly cold mix asphalt using wastewater sludge ash.” J. Environ. Manage. 329 (Mar): 117015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117015.
Alsharari, F., K. Khan, M. N. Amin, W. Ahmad, U. Khan, M. Mutnbak, M. Houda, and A. M. Yosri. 2022. “Sustainable use of waste eggshells in cementitious materials: An experimental and modeling-based study.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 17 (Jun): e01620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01620.
Ashani, S. S., S. Varamini, and S. Tighe. 2023. “Investigation of the effect of oxidative aging and temperature sensitivity on the Illinois flexibility index and disc-shaped compact tension tests.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35 (3): 04022477. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004648.
Asphalt Institute. 1997. Asphalt cold mix manual. 3rd ed. MS-14. Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
ASTM. 2001. Standard specification for hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures (Withdrawn 2009). ASTM D3515-01. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM C128-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015c. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402/D4402M-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015d. Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures. D559/D559M-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017a. Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials. ASTM D113-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017b. Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of asphalt mixtures. ASTM D6931-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017c. Standard test method for resistance of coarse aggregate to degradation by abrasion in the micro-Deval apparatus. ASTM D6928-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for determination of cracking tolerance index of asphalt mixture using the indirect tensile cracking test at intermediate temperature. ASTM D8225-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5/D5M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine. ASTM C131/C131M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020c. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36/D36M–14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021a. Standard test method for bulk specific gravity and density of non-absorptive compacted asphalt mixtures. ASTM D2726/D2726M-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021b. Standard test method for specific gravity and density of semi-solid asphalt binder (pycnometer method). ASTM D70/D70M-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2022a. Standard test method for determination of rutting tolerance index of asphalt mixture using the ideal rutting test. ASTM D8360-22. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2022b. Standard test method for sand equivalent value of soils and fine aggregate. ASTM D2419-22. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bijen, J. 1996. “Benefits of slag and fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 10 (5): 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00014-3.
Black, L. 2016. “17–Low clinker cement as a sustainable construction material.” In Sustainability of construction materials, 2nd ed., edited by J. M. Khatib, 415–457. Sawston, UK: Woodhead.
Bołtryk, M., and D. Małaszkiewicz. 2013. “Application of anionic asphalt emulsion as an admixture for concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (Mar): 556–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.110.
Brown, S., and D. Needham. 2000. “A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion mixtures.” Asphalt Paving Technol. 69 (Jan): 92–121.
BSI (British Standards Institute). 1989. Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of particle shape. Flakiness index. BS 812-105.1:1989. London: BSI.
Channabasavanna, S. G., T. Venkate Gowda, L. H. Manjunatha, P. R. Sharvani Shekar, and S. M. Chandan Kumar. 2021. “Development and testing of glass/kenaf inter-ply hybrid polymer composites with egg shell powder as filler.” Mater. Today:. Proc. 45 (Jan): 270–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.435.
Chappat, M., and J. Bilal. 2003. “The environmental road of the future: Life cycle analysis.” Colas SA Paris 9 (2003): 1–34.
Chaunsali, P., and S. Peethamparan. 2011. “Evolution of strength, microstructure and mineralogical composition of a CKD–GGBFS binder.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (2): 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.010.
Cheah, C. B., L. E. Tan, and M. Ramli. 2021. “Recent advances in slag-based binder and chemical activators derived from industrial by-products–A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 272 (Feb): 121657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121657.
Circular Ecology. 2019. “Inventory of carbon and energy (ICE Database) summary—V 3.0.” Accessed June 27, 2023. https://circularecology.com/news/inventory-of-carbon-energy-database-v3-progress-update.
Do, N.-D., M.-C. Liao, Y. Mamuye, and D.-H. Vo. 2023. “Characteristics of alkali-activated slag filler and its effects on rheology of asphalt mastic.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35 (4): 04023003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004651.
Du, S. 2021. “The optimum pre-mixing water content in asphalt emulsion mixture with cement.” J. Test. Eval. 49 (6): 20200691. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20200691.
Dulaimi, A., H. Al Nageim, F. Ruddock, and L. Seton. 2016. “New developments with cold asphalt concrete binder course mixtures containing binary blended cementitious filler (BBCF).” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.114.
Dulaimi, A., H. Al Nageim, F. Ruddock, and L. Seton. 2017a. “High performance cold asphalt concrete mixture for binder course using alkali-activated binary blended cementitious filler.” Constr. Build. Mater. 141 (Jun): 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.155.
Dulaimi, A., H. A. Nageim, F. Ruddock, and L. Seton. 2017b. “Laboratory studies to examine the properties of a novel cold-asphalt concrete binder course mixture containing binary blended cementitious filler.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001975.
Dulaimi, A., H. K. Shanbara, and T. Al-Mansoori. 2021. “A novel emulsion-based mixture (EBM) containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag and waste alkaline Ca(OH)2 solution.” IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1090 (1): 012037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1090/1/012037.
EPA. 2023. “EPA (2023) inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2021. U.S. environmental protection agency, EPA 430-R-23-002.” Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2021.
Erfen, Y. B., U. Tun, and H. Onn. 2015. “The appropriateness of egg shell as filler in hot mix asphalt.” J. Teknol. Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4113.5201.
Fang, X., A. Garcia, F. Winnefeld, M. N. Partl, and P. Lura. 2016. “Impact of rapid-hardening cements on mechanical properties of cement bitumen emulsion asphalt.” Mater. Struct. 49 (1): 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0512-3.
FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database). 2021. “Food and agriculture data.” Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.
Fouchal, F., F. Gouny, P. Maillard, L. Ulmet, and S. Rossignol. 2015. “Experimental evaluation of hydric performances of masonry walls made of earth bricks, geopolymer and wooden frame.” Build. Environ. 87 (May): 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.01.036.
Fu, J., X. Zhang, and F. Wang. 2015. “The meso structure and strain distribution analysis of cement emulsified asphalt concrete.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 8 (3): 179. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2015.8(3).179.
García, A., P. Lura, M. N. Partl, and I. Jerjen. 2013. “Influence of cement content and environmental humidity on asphalt emulsion and cement composites performance.” Mater. Struct. 46 (8): 1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9971-6.
Hamada, H. M., B. A. Tayeh, A. Al-Attar, F. M. Yahaya, K. Muthusamy, and A. M. Humada. 2020. “The present state of the use of eggshell powder in concrete: A review.” J. Build. Eng. 32 (Nov): 101583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101583.
Hammerschlag, R. 2006. “Ethanol’s energy return on investment: A survey of the literature 1990−Present.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (6): 1744–1750. https://doi.org/10.1021/es052024h.
Hassan, S., V. Aigbodion, and S. Patrick. 2012. “Development of polyester/eggshell particulate composites.” Tribol. Ind. 34 (4): 217.
Hong, R.-B., J.-R. Wu, and H.-B. Cai. 2020. “Low-temperature crack resistance of coal gangue powder and polyester fibre asphalt mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Jul): 117678. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117678.
Huang, J., G. Shiva Kumar, J. Ren, Y. Sun, Y. Li, and C. Wang. 2022. “Towards the potential usage of eggshell powder as bio-modifier for asphalt binder and mixture: Workability and mechanical properties.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 23 (10): 3553–3565. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1905809.
Ignatavicius, S., A. Kavanagh, M. J. Brennan, D. Colleran, J. Sheahan, and S. Newell. 2021. “Experimental investigation of optimum adhesion properties for anionic emulsions in road maintenance applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 304 (Oct): 124678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124678.
Jain, S., and B. Singh. 2021. “Cold mix asphalt: An overview.” J. Cleaner Prod. 280 (Jan): 124378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124378.
Jain, S., and B. Singh. 2022. “Recycled concrete aggregate incorporated cold bituminous emulsion mixture: Mechanical, environmental and economic evaluation.” J. Cleaner Prod. 380 (Feb): 135026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135026.
James, J., and P. Kasinatha Pandian. 2013. “Performance study on soil stabilisation using natural materials.” Int. J. Earth Sci. Eng. 6 (1): 194–203.
Jenkins, K. J. 2000. Mix design considerations for cold and half-warm bituminous mixes with emphasis of foamed bitumen. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Stellenbosch Univ.
Kim, M. S., Y. Jun, C. Lee, and J. E. Oh. 2013. “Use of CaO as an activator for producing a price-competitive non-cement structural binder using ground granulated blast furnace slag.” Cem. Concr. Res. 54 (Dec): 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.09.011.
Kim, Y., S. Im, and H. D. Lee. 2011. “Impacts of curing time and moisture content on engineering properties of cold in-place recycling mixtures using foamed or emulsified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (5): 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000209.
Lam, A., R. Hamzaoui, and A. Kindinis. 2023. “Structural and mechanical studies of a ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) based binder and its use in earth concrete.” Mater. Today:. Proc. 2023 (Aug): 3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.283.
Li, G., Y. Zhao, S. S. Pang, and W. Huang. 1998. “Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (5): 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00038-6.
Lin, S., T. Kiga, Y. Wang, and K. Nakayama. 2011. “Energy analysis of calcination with capture.” Energy Procedia 4 (Jan): 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.01.062.
Masri, K., E. Ganesan, P. Ramadhansyah, S. Doh, N. Jasni, Z. Al-Saffar, and A. Mohammed. 2021. “Volumetric properties and abrasion resistance of stone mastic asphalt incorporating eggshell powder.” In Proc., IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 012058. Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics.
Masued, G. G. 2019. “Investigating the ability of using eggshell powder as a filler in hot mix asphalt mixture.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 518 (2): 022047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/518/2/022047.
Mignardi, S., L. Archilletti, L. Medeghini, and C. De Vito. 2020. “Valorization of eggshell biowaste for sustainable environmental remediation.” Sci. Rep. 10 (1): 2436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59324-5.
Nandhini, K., and J. Karthikeyan. 2022. “Sustainable and greener concrete production by utilizing waste eggshell powder as cementitious material—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 335 (Jun): 127482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127482.
Nascimento, F. A. C., A. C. R. Guimarães, and C. D. Castro. 2021. “Comparative study on permanent deformation in asphalt mixtures from indirect tensile strength testing and laboratory wheel tracking.” Constr. Build. Mater. 305 (Oct): 124736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124736.
Nassar, A. I., M. K. Mohammed, N. Thom, and T. Parry. 2016. “Mechanical, durability and microstructure properties of cold asphalt emulsion mixtures with different types of filler.” Constr. Build. Mater. 114 (Jul): 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.112.
Nejres, A. M., Y. F. Mustafa, and H. S. Aldewachi. 2022. “Evaluation of natural asphalt properties treated with egg shell waste and low density polyethylene.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 23 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1728534.
Olarewaju, A., M. Balogun, and S. Akinlolu. 2011. “Suitability of eggshell stabilized lateritic soil as subgrade material for road construction.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 16 (Oct): 899–908.
Oluwatuyi, O. E., B. O. Adeola, E. A. Alhassan, E. S. Nnochiri, A. E. Modupe, O. O. Elemile, T. Obayanju, and G. Akerele. 2018. “Ameliorating effect of milled eggshell on cement stabilized lateritic soil for highway construction.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 9 (Dec): e00191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00191.
Omer, A. M. 2008. “Energy, environment and sustainable development.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 12 (9): 2265–2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001.
Oruc, S., F. Celik, and M. V. Akpinar. 2007. “Effect of cement on emulsified asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 16 (5): 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9095-2.
Ozer, H., I. L. Al-Qadi, J. Lambros, A. El-Khatib, P. Singhvi, and B. Doll. 2016. “Development of the fracture-based flexibility index for asphalt concrete cracking potential using modified semi-circle bending test parameters.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115 (Jul): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.144.
Pliya, P., and D. Cree. 2015. “Limestone derived eggshell powder as a replacement in Portland cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (Oct): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.103.
Poorveekan, K., K. M. S. Ath, A. Anburuvel, and N. Sathiparan. 2021. “Investigation of the engineering properties of cementless stabilized earth blocks with alkali-activated eggshell and rice husk ash as a binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 277 (Mar): 122371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122371.
Public Construction Commission. 2023. “Public construction commission, executive yuan. public works price database.” Accessed June 27, 2023. https://pcces.pcc.gov.tw/CSInew/Default.aspx?FunID=Fun_11&SearchType=B.
Quina, M. J., M. A. R. Soares, and R. Quinta-Ferreira. 2017. “Applications of industrial eggshell as a valuable anthropogenic resource.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 123 (Aug): 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.027.
Raj, A., M. Sivakumar, and M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu. 2022. “Investigation of curing and strength characteristics of cold-mix asphalt with rice husk ash–activated fillers.” J. Transp. Eng. Part B: Pavements 148 (4): 04022056. https://doi.org/doi:10.1061/JPEODX.0000408.
Raza, S. A., N. Shah, and A. Sharif. 2019. “Time frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from transportation sector.” Energy 173 (Apr): 706–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.077.
Razzaq, A. K., and R. A. Yousif. 2017. “Sustainability of HMA by using of egg shell powder.” In Proc., ICSF 2017 Kingdom of Bahrain, 355–363. Eker, Bahrain: Applied Science Univ.
Sathiparan, N. 2021. “Utilization prospects of eggshell powder in sustainable construction material—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 293 (Aug): 123465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123465.
Setyawan, A., D. Sarwono, and M. S. Adnan. 2015. “The development of slurry seal design with ordinary portland cement replacement by low calcium fly ash.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 776 (Aug): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.24.
Shanbara, H. K., A. Dulaimi, T. Al-Mansoori, S. Al-Busaltan, M. Herez, M. Sadique, and T. Abdel-Wahed. 2021. “The future of eco-friendly cold mix asphalt.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 149 (Oct): 111318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111318.
Shanbara, H. K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton. 2018. “A laboratory study of high-performance cold mix asphalt mixtures reinforced with natural and synthetic fibres.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.252.
Singh, B., and S. Jain. 2021. “Effect of lime and cement fillers on moisture susceptibility of cold mix asphalt.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 23 (10): 2433–2449. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1976254.
Tabasi, E., M. Zarei, Z. Mobasheri, A. Naseri, H. Ghafourian, and M. Worya Khordehbinan. 2023. “Pre- and post-cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures under modes I and III at low and intermediate temperatures.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 124 (Apr): 103826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.103826.
Tian, Y., D. Lu, R. Ma, J. Zhang, W. Li, and X. Yan. 2020. “Effects of cement contents on the performance of cement asphalt emulsion mixtures with rapidly developed early-age strength.” Constr. Build. Mater. 244 (May): 118365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118365.
Usman, K. R., M. R. Hainin, M. K. I. M. Satar, M. N. M. Warid, I. A. Adamu, and A. A. M. Radwan. 2022. “Performance-Based design for binary-blended filler application in dense-graded cold mix asphalt.” In Proc., Road and Airfield Pavement Technology, 529–545. Berlin: Springer.
Vandeginste, V. 2021. “Food waste eggshell valorization through development of new composites: A review.” Sustainable Mater.Technol. 29 (Sep): e00317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00317.
Wang, S.-D., and K. L. Scrivener. 1995. “Hydration products of alkali activated slag cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (3): 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00045-E.
Wong, T. L. X., M. R. Mohd Hasan, and L. C. Peng. 2022. “Recent development, utilization, treatment and performance of solid wastes additives in asphaltic concrete worldwide: A review.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 9 (5): 693–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2022.06.003.
Yan, C. Q., Y. Zhang, and H. U. Bahia. 2020. “Comparison between SCB-IFIT, un-notched SCB-IFIT and IDEAL-CT for measuring cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 252 (Jul): 119060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119060.
Yang, D., J. Zhao, W. Ahmad, M. Nasir Amin, F. Aslam, K. Khan, and A. Ahmad. 2022. “Potential use of waste eggshells in cement-based materials: A bibliographic analysis and review of the material properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 344 (Aug): 128143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128143.
Yin, F., A. J. Taylor, N. Tran, and P. A. Director. 2020. Performance testing for quality control and acceptance OF balanced mix design. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Yun, C. M., M. R. Rahman, C. Y. W. Phing, A. W. M. Chie, and M. K. B. Bakri. 2020. “The curing times effect on the strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 260 (Nov): 120622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120622.
Zarei, M., A. Salehikalam, E. Tabasi, A. Naseri, M. Worya Khordehbinan, and M. Negahban. 2022. “Pure mode I fracture resistance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing nano- under freeze–thaw damage (FTD).” Constr. Build. Mater. 351 (Oct): 128757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128757.
Zhou, F., S. Hu, and D. Newcomb. 2020. “Development of a performance-related framework for production quality control with ideal cracking and rutting tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 261 (Nov): 120549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120549.
Zhou, F., S. Im, L. Sun, and T. Scullion. 2017. “Development of an IDEAL cracking test for asphalt mix design and QC/QA.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 18 (4): 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1389082.
Zhou, H., T. J. F. Luchini, N. M. Boroujeni, A. K. Agarwal, V. K. Goel, and S. B. Bhaduri. 2015. “Development of nanosilica bonded monetite cement from egg shells.” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 50 (9): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.099.
Zhu, Y., E. V. Dave, R. Rahbar-Rastegar, J. S. Daniel, and A. Zofka. 2017. “Comprehensive evaluation of low-temperature fracture indices for asphalt mixtures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 18 (4): 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1389085.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 4 • April 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 16, 2023
Accepted: Sep 8, 2023
Published online: Jan 17, 2024
Published in print: Apr 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jun 17, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.