Self-Healing Performance of Nanosilica-Modified Engineered Cementitious Composites Exposed to High Temperatures
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 6
Abstract
This study investigated the self-healing performance of nanosilica-modified engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) exposed to high temperatures. Nanosilica (NS) was used in 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% proportions of cementitious materials by mass in the mixtures. NS-modified ECC cylindrical samples () were produced and cured at for 28 days. Then, these samples were exposed to , 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C temperatures. After the samples were cooled at room temperature, microcracks were formed in the ECC samples, but the samples exposed to higher than 400°C were dispersed when the crack was formed. The wetting–drying cycles were applied for the self-healing of cracked samples. Lastly, the splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and chloride ion permeability of the NS-modified ECC samples were determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were also performed to examine the microstructure of NS-modified ECC samples. This study found that all samples were self-healed within 15 days, and the highest splitting tensile strength recovery rate was obtained from 0.75 NS-modified ECC samples with 107.44%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
ASTM. 2008. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTMC496-96. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM-C1202-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use. ASTM C618. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM C597-09. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150/C150M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Aydın, S., and B. Baradan. 2007. “Effect of pumice and fly ash incorporation on high temperature resistance of cement based mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (6): 988–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.005.
Bhat, P. S., V. Chang, and M. Li. 2014. “Effect of elevated temperature on strain-hardening engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 69 (Oct): 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.052.
Björnström, J., A. Martinelli, A. Matic, L. Börjesson, and I. Panas. 2004. “Accelerating effects of colloidal nano-silica for beneficial calcium–silicate–hydrate formation in cement.” Chem. Phys. Lett. 392 (1–3): 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.05.071.
Chen, X., L. Xu, D. Shi, Y. Chen, W. Zhou, and Q. Wang. 2017. “Experimental study on cyclic tensile behaviour of concrete under various strain rates.” Mag. Concr. Res. 70 (2): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00144.
Cowie, J., and F. P. Glasser. 1992. “The reaction between cement and natural waters containing dissolved carbon dioxide.” Adv. Cem. Res. 4 (15): 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.1992.4.15.119.
Du, H. 2019. “Properties of ultra-lightweight cement composites with nano-silica.” Constr. Build. Mater. 199 (Feb): 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.225.
Du, Q., J. Wei, and J. Lv. 2018. “Effects of high temperature on mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composites (PVA-ECC).” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (8): 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0245-0.
Edvardsen, C. 1999. “Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 96 (4): 448–454. https://doi.org/10.14359/645.
Fares, H., S. Remond, A. Noumowe, and A. Cousture. 2010. “High temperature behaviour of self-consolidating concrete: Microstructure and physicochemical properties.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (3): 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.006.
Feng, G. L., L. Y. Li, B. Kim, and Q. F. Liu. 2016. “Multiphase modelling of ionic transport in cementitious materials with surface charges.” Comput. Mater. Sci. 111 (Jan): 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.09.060.
Fu, C., R. Guo, Z. Lin, H. Xia, Y. Yang, and Q. Ma. 2021. “Effect of nanosilica and silica fume on the mechanical properties and microstructure of lightweight engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 298 (Sep): 123788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123788.
García Calvo, J. L., G. Pérez, P. Carballosa, E. Erkizia, J. J. Gaitero, and A. Guerrero. 2017. “Development of ultra-high performance concretes with self-healing micro/nano-additions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 138 (May): 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.015.
Geng, J., D. Easterbrook, Q. F. Liu, and L. Y. Li. 2016. “Effect of carbonation on release of bound chlorides in chloride-contaminated concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 68 (7): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.15.00234.
Granger, S., A. Loukili, G. Pijaudier-Cabot, and G. Chanvillard. 2007. “Experimental characterization of the self-healing of cracks in an ultra high performance cementitious material: Mechanical tests and acoustic emission analysis.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (4): 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.12.005.
Hou, P., X. Cheng, J. Qian, and S. P. Shah. 2014. “Effects and mechanisms of surface treatment of hardened cement-based materials with colloidal and its precursor.” Constr. Build. Mater. 53 (Feb): 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.062.
Hung, C. C., and Y. F. Su. 2016. “Medium-term self-healing evaluation of engineered cementitious composites with varying amounts of fly ash and exposure durations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 118 (Aug): 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.021.
Ibrahim, R. K., R. Hamid, and M. R. Taha. 2012. “Fire resistance of high-volume fly ash mortars with nanosilica addition.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 779–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.028.
Jo, B. W., C. H. Kim, G. Ho Tae, and J. Bin Park. 2007. “Characteristics of cement mortar with particles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (6): 1351–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.020.
Kan, L. L., and H. S. Shi. 2012. “Investigation of self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 29 (Apr): 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.051.
Kan, L.-L., A. R. Sakulich, V. C. Li, and H.-S. Shi. 2010. “Self-healing characterization of engineered cementitious composite materials.” ACI Mater. J. 107 (6): 619–626. https://doi.org/10.14359/51664049.
Khaliq, W., and H. A. Khan. 2015. “High temperature material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.023.
Kurap, G., S. Akyuz, T. Akyuz, S. Basaran, and B. Cakan. 2010. “FT-IR spectroscopic study of terra-cotta sarcophagi recently excavated in Ainos (Enez) Turkey.” J. Mol. Struct. 976 (1–3): 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.04.009.
Li, V. C. 2008. “Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) material, structural, and durability performance.” In Concrete construction engineering handbook, edited by E. Nawy, 2–26. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Liu, F., W. Ding, and Y. Qiao. 2020. “Experimental investigation on the tensile behavior of hybrid steel-PVA fiber reinforced concrete containing fly ash and slag powder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 241 (Apr): 118000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118000.
Liu, H., Q. Zhang, C. Gu, H. Su, and V. Li. 2017. “Self-healing of microcracks in engineered cementitious composites under sulfate and chloride environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 153 (Oct): 948–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.126.
Liu, H., Q. Zhang, C. Gu, H. Su, and V. C. Li. 2016. “Influence of micro-cracking on the permeability of engineered cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 72 (Sep): 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.016.
Ma, H., S. Qian, and Z. Zhang. 2014. “Effect of self-healing on water permeability and mechanical property of medium-early-strength engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.065.
Mohammed, B. S., B. E. Achara, and M. S. Liew. 2018. “The influence of high temperature on microstructural damage and residual properties of nano-silica-modified (NS-modified) self-consolidating engineering cementitious composites (SC-ECC) using response surface methodology (RSM).” Constr. Build. Mater. 192 (Dec): 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.114.
Öztürk, O., G. Yıldırım, Ü. S. Keskin, H. Siad, and M. Şahmaran. 2020. “Nano-tailored multi-functional cementitious composites.” Composites, Part B 182 (Feb): 107670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107670.
Park, B., and Y. C. Choi. 2018. “Quantitative evaluation of crack self-healing in cement-based materials by absorption test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 184 (Sep): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.206.
Qing, Y., Z. Zenan, K. Deyu, and C. Rongshen. 2007. “Influence of addition on properties of hardened cement paste as compared with silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (3): 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.001.
Qiu, J., W. L. Aw-Yong, and E. H. Yang. 2018. “Effect of self-healing on fatigue of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs).” Cem. Concr. Compos. 94 (Nov): 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.007.
Ranade, R., V. C. Li, M. D. Stults, T. S. Rushing, J. Roth, and W. F. Heard. 2013. “Micromechanics of high-strength, high-ductility concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 110 (4): 375. https://doi.org/10.14359/51685784.
Rashad, A. M. 2014. “A comprehensive overview about the effect of on some properties of traditional cementitious materials and alkali-activated fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 437–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.101.
Razavi, S. M., H. Nazarpour, and M. H. Beygi. 2021. “Investigation of the efficacy of nano-silica on mechanical properties of green-engineered cementitious composite (GECC) containing high volume natural zeolite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 291 (Jul): 123246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123246.
Sahmaran, M., M. Lachemi, and V. C. Li. 2010. “Assessing mechanical properties and microstructure of fire-damaged engineered cementitious composites.” ACI Mater. J. 107 (3): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663759.
Sahmaran, M., G. Yildirim, and T. K. Erdem. 2013. “Self-healing capability of cementitious composites incorporating different supplementary cementitious materials.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 35 (1): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.013.
Şahmaran, M., E. Özbay, H. E. Yücel, M. Lachemi, and V. C. Li. 2011. “Effect of fly ash and PVA fiber on microstructural damage and residual properties of engineered cementitious composites exposed to high temperatures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (12): 1735–1745. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000335.
Shaikh, F. U. A., S. W. M. Supit, and P. K. Sarker. 2014. “A study on the effect of nano silica on compressive strength of high volume fly ash mortars and concretes.” Mater. Des. 60 (Aug): 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.025.
Siad, H., A. Alyousif, O. K. Keskin, S. B. Keskin, M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, and K. M. A. Hossain. 2015. “Influence of limestone powder on mechanical, physical and self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Nov): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.007.
Siad, H., M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, and K. M. A. Hossain. 2017. “Mechanical, physical, and self-healing behaviors of engineered cementitious composites with glass powder.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (6): 04017016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001864.
Siad, H., M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, H. A. Mesbah, and K. A. Hossain. 2018. “Advanced engineered cementitious composites with combined self-sensing and self-healing functionalities.” Constr. Build. Mater. 176 (Jul): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.026.
Singh, L. P., S. R. Karade, S. K. Bhattacharyya, M. M. Yousuf, and S. Ahalawat. 2013. “Beneficial role of nanosilica in cement based materials—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.052.
Su, Y., C. Qian, Y. Rui, and J. Feng. 2021. “Exploring the coupled mechanism of fibers and bacteria on self-healing concrete from bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).” Cem. Concr. Compos. 116 (Feb): 103896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103896.
Tanyıldızı, H., M. Ziada, M. Uysal, N. Doğruöz Güngör, and A. Coşkun. 2022. “Comparison of bacteria-based self-healing methods in metakaolin geopolymer mortars.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 16 (Jun): e00895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00895.
Trezza, M. A., and A. E. Lavat. 2001. “Analysis of the system 3CaO· by FT-IR spectroscopy.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (6): 869–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00502-6.
Wang, Q., B. Yao, and R. Lu. 2020. “Behavior deterioration and microstructure change of polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (PVA-ECC) after exposure to elevated temperatures.” Materials 13 (23): 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235539.
Wu, H., J. Yu, Y. Du, and V. C. Li. 2021. “Mechanical performance of MgO-doped engineered cementitious composites (ECC).” Cem. Concr. Compos. 115 (Jan): 103857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103857.
Wu, H. L., Y. J. Du, J. Yu, Y. L. Yang, and V. C. Li. 2020. “Hydraulic conductivity and self-healing performance of engineered cementitious composites exposed to acid mine drainage.” Sci. Total Environ. 716 (May): 137095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137095.
Wu, M., B. Johannesson, and M. Geiker. 2012. “A review: Self-healing in cementitious materials and engineered cementitious composite as a self-healing material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.086.
Xing, Z., A. L. Beaucour, R. Hebert, A. Noumowe, and B. Ledesert. 2011. “Influence of the nature of aggregates on the behaviour of concrete subjected to elevated temperature.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (4): 392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.005.
Yang, E. H., and V. C. Li. 2010. “Strain-hardening fiber cement optimization and component tailoring by means of a micromechanical model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2): 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.05.014.
Yang, Y., M. D. Lepech, E. H. Yang, and V. C. Li. 2009. “Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet–dry cycles.” Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (5): 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.013.
Yeşilmen, S., Y. Al-Najjar, M. H. Balav, M. Şahmaran, G. Yildirim, and M. Lachemi. 2015. “Nano-modification to improve the ductility of cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Res. 76 (Oct): 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.026.
Yildirim, G., M. Sahmaran, and H. U. Ahmed. 2014. “Influence of hydrated lime addition on the self-healing capability of high-volume fly ash incorporated cementitious composites.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (6): 04014187. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001145.
Yıldırım, G., A. H. Khiavi, S. Yeşilmen, and M. Şahmaran. 2018. “Self-healing performance of aged cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 87 (Mar): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2018.01.004.
Yu, J., J. Lin, Z. Zhang, and V. C. Li. 2015. “Mechanical performance of ECC with high-volume fly ash after sub-elevated temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Nov): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.002.
Yu, J., J. Yao, X. Lin, H. Li, J. Y. K. Lam, C. K. Y. Leung, I. M. L. Sham, and K. Shih. 2018. “Tensile performance of sustainable strain-hardening cementitious composites with hybrid PVA and recycled PET fibers.” Cem. Concr. Res. 107 (May): 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.013.
Yu, J., M. Zhang, G. Li, J. Meng, and C. K. Y. Leung. 2020. “Using nano-silica to improve mechanical and fracture properties of fiber-reinforced high-volume fly ash cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 239 (Apr): 117853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117853.
Yu, K., H. Zhu, M. Hou, and V. C. Li. 2021. “Self-healing of PE-fiber reinforced lightweight high-strength engineered cementitious composite.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 123 (Oct): 104209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104209.
Zhang, D., H. Wu, V. C. Li, and B. R. Ellis. 2020. “Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) based on MgO-fly ash binary system activated by carbonation curing.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Mar): 117672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117672.
Zhang, Z., Z. Li, J. He, and X. Shi. 2023. “High-strength engineered cementitious composites with nanosilica incorporated: Mechanical performance and autogenous self-healing behavior.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 135 (Jan): 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104837.
Zhang, Z., S. Qian, and H. Ma. 2014. “Investigating mechanical properties and self-healing behavior of micro-cracked ECC with different volume of fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2013.11.001.
Zhong, W., and W. Yao. 2008. “Influence of damage degree on self-healing of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (6): 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.02.006.
Zhou, J., S. Qian, M. G. S. Beltran, G. Ye, K. Van Breugel, and V. C. Li. 2010. “Development of engineered cementitious composites with limestone powder and blast furnace slag.” Mater. Struct. Constr. 43 (6): 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9549-0.
Zhu, Y., Y. Yang, and Y. Yao. 2012. “Autogenous self-healing of engineered cementitious composites under freeze–thaw cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (Sep): 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.03.001.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 27, 2023
Accepted: Nov 14, 2023
Published online: Mar 19, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Aug 19, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.