Bacteria-Based Crack Healing of Nanosilica and Carbon Nanotube Modified Engineered Cementitious Composites
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 1
Abstract
This study investigated bacteria-based crack healing of nanosilica and carbon nanotube modified engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Nanosilica (NS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were used in ratios of 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% of the cementitious materials by mass. NS and CNT modified ECC samples were produced and cured in plastic bags at for 28 days. After 28 days, the microcracks were formed in the ECC specimens. Then, the healing procedure by a bacterial solution containing Sporosarcina pasteurii was applied to these samples. After this procedure, the splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity water permeability, and rapid chloride permeability were performed on the samples. Also, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were used to examine the morphology of healing products. This study found that 0.75 NS-ECC had a higher healing ability than all samples, and the splitting tensile strength recovery rate of this sample was 131.46%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Achal, V., A. Mukerjee, and M. S. Reddy. 2013. “Biogenic treatment improves the durability and remediates the cracks of concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.061.
Akbar, A., K. M. Liew, F. Farooq, and R. A. Khushnood. 2021. “Exploring mechanical performance of hybrid MWCNT and GNMP reinforced cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 267 (Jan): 120721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120721.
Akın, A. 2021. “Investigation of different permeability properties of self-healing cementitious composites under colloidal nano silica curing conditions.” Struct. Concr. 23 (2): 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/SUCO.202000468.
Al-Dahawi, A., O. Öztürk, F. Emami, G. Yildirim, and M. Şahmaran. 2016. “Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites incorporating different carbon-based materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 104 (Feb): 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.072.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496-96. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM C1202-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concretes. ASTM C1585-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use. ASTM C618. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM C597-09. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150/C150M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). 2014. “ATCC medium: 1376 Bacillus pasteurii NH4-YE medium.” Accessed January 5, 2017. https://www.atcc.org/~/media/C332DC4BBD4A4414AF07C38863C1822B.ashx.
Bhaskar, S., K. M. A. Hossain, M. Lachemi, and G. Wolfaardt. 2020. “Quantification of self-healing in bacteria-based engineered cementitious composites.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater 176 (4): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.20.00021.
Chetty, K., U. Garbe, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, T. McCarthy, F. Hai, and G. Jiang. 2022. “Bioconcrete based on sulfate-reducing bacteria granules: Cultivation, mechanical properties, and self-healing performance.” J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater. (Dec): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2022.2153389.
Collins, F., J. Lambert, and W. H. Duan. 2012. “The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube–OPC paste mixtures.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (2): 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.013.
Cowie, J., and F. P. Glasser. 1992. “The reaction between cement and natural waters containing dissolved carbon dioxide.” Adv. Cem. Res. 4 (15): 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.1992.4.15.119.
Demirhan, S., O. Anıl, G. Yıldırım, R. T. Erdem, Q. S. Banyhussan, M. Sahmaran, and K. Koca. 2020. “Impact behaviour of nanomodified deflection-hardening fibre-reinforced concretes.” Mag. Concr. Res. 72 (17): 865–887. https://doi.org/10.1680/JMACR.18.00541.
Dick, J., W. De Windt, B. De Graef, H. Saveyn, P. Van Der Meeren, N. De Belie, and W. Verstraete. 2006. “Bio-deposition of a calcium carbonate layer on degraded limestone by Bacillus species.” Biodegradation 17 (4): 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10532-005-9006-X.
Edvardsen, C. 1999. “Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 96 (4): 448–454. https://doi.org/10.14359/645.
Feng, J., S. X. Chua, F. Yang, and S. Qian. 2021. “Crack repairing of high strength engineered cementitious composites using bacteria-free waste medium.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 123 (Oct): 104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2021.104203.
Garg, R., R. Garg, and N. O. Eddy. 2023. “Microbial induced calcite precipitation for self-healing of concrete: A review.” J. Sustainable Cem.-Based Mater. 12 (3): 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2022.2054477.
Gollapudi, U. K., C. L. Knutson, S. S. Bang, and M. R. Islam. 1995. “A new method for controlling leaching through permeable channels.” Chemosphere 30 (4): 695–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)00435-W.
Granger, S., A. Loukili, G. Pijaudier-Cabot, and G. Chanvillard. 2007. “Experimental characterization of the self-healing of cracks in an ultra high performance cementitious material: Mechanical tests and acoustic emission analysis.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (4): 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.12.005.
Han, B., S. Sun, S. Ding, L. Zhang, X. Yu, and J. Ou. 2015. “Review of nanocarbon-engineered multifunctional cementitious composites.” Composites, Part A 70 (Mar): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2014.12.002.
Han, B., L. Zhang, S. Zeng, S. Dong, X. Yu, R. Yang, and J. Ou. 2017. “Nano-core effect in nano-engineered cementitious composites.” Composites, Part A 95 (Apr): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2017.01.008.
Jonkers, H. M., A. Thijssen, G. Muyzer, O. Copuroglu, and E. Schlangen. 2010. “Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete.” Ecol. Eng. 36 (2): 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2008.12.036.
Kan, L. L., and H. S. Shi. 2012. “Investigation of self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 29 (Apr): 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2011.10.051.
Kan, L. L., J. W. Wei, B. B. Duan, and M. Wu. 2019. “Self-healing of engineered geopolymer composites prepared by fly ash and metakaolin.” Cem. Concr. Res. 125 (Nov): 105895. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2019.105895.
Khaliq, W., and M. B. Ehsan. 2016. “Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing techniques.” Constr. Build. Mater. 102 (Jan): 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.11.006.
Kurap, G., S. Akyuz, T. Akyuz, S. Basaran, and B. Cakan. 2010. “FT-IR spectroscopic study of terra-cotta sarcophagi recently excavated in Ainos (Enez) Turkey.” J. Mol. Struct. 976 (1–3): 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLSTRUC.2010.04.009.
Land, G., and D. Stephan. 2015. “Controlling cement hydration with nanoparticles.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 57 (Mar): 64–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2014.12.003.
Lee, H. S., B. Balasubramanian, G. V. T. Gopalakrishna, S. J. Kwon, S. P. Karthick, and V. Saraswathy. 2018. “Durability performance of CNT and nanosilica admixed cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 159 (Jan): 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.003.
Lepech, M. D., and V. C. Li. 2009. “Water permeability of engineered cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (10): 744–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2009.07.002.
Li, M., and V. C. Li. 2011. “Cracking and healing of engineered cementitious composites under chloride environment.” ACI Mater. J. 108 (3): 333. https://doi.org/10.14359/51682499.
Li, V. C., and C. K. Y. Leung. 1992. “Steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites.” J. Eng. Mech. 118 (11): 2246–2264. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:11(2246).
Li, V. C., and H. C. Wu. 1992. “Conditions for pseudo strain-hardening in fiber reinforced brittle matrix composites.” Appl. Mech. Rev. 45 (8): 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3119767.
Liu, H., Q. Zhang, C. Gu, H. Su, and V. Li. 2017. “Self-healing of microcracks in engineered cementitious composites under sulfate and chloride environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 153 (Oct): 948–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2017.07.126.
Liu, H., Q. Zhang, C. Gu, H. Su, and V. C. Li. 2016. “Influence of micro-cracking on the permeability of engineered cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 72 (Sep): 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2016.05.016.
Mobley, H. L., and R. P. Hausinger. 1989. “Microbial ureases: Significance, regulation, and molecular characterization.” Microbiol. Rev. 53 (1): 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1128/MR.53.1.85-108.1989.
Qian, C., X. Yu, T. Zheng, and Y. Chen. 2022. “Review on bacteria fixing and bio-mineralization to enhance the performance of construction materials.” J. Util. 55 (Jan): 101849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101849.
Rashad, A. M. 2017. “Effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the properties of traditional cementitious materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 153 (Oct): 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2017.07.089.
Razavi, S. M., H. Nazarpour, and M. H. Beygi. 2021. “Investigation of the efficacy of nano-silica on mechanical properties of green-engineered cementitious composite (GECC) containing high volume natural zeolite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 291 (Jul): 123246. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.123246.
Şahmaran, M., and V. C. Li. 2007. “De-icing salt scaling resistance of mechanically loaded engineered cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (7): 1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.04.001.
Şahmaran, M., G. Yildirim, R. Noori, E. Ozbay, and M. Lachemi. 2015. “Repeatability and pervasiveness of self-healing in engineered cementitious composites.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (4): 513–522. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687308.
Shaikh, F. U. A., S. W. M. Supit, and P. K. Sarker. 2014. “A study on the effect of nano silica on compressive strength of high volume fly ash mortars and concretes.” Mater. Des. 60 (Aug): 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2014.04.025.
Sharma, B., A. Singh, S. Joshi, and M. S. Reddy. 2022. “Utilization of sandstone waste in cement mortar for sustainable production of building materials through biomineralization.” J. Sustainable Cem.-Based Mater. 12 (6): 712–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2022.2116500.
Shi, C. 2004. “Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductivity and the rapid chloride permeability test (ASTM C1202 or ASSHTO T277) results.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (3): 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2003.09.007.
Siad, H., A. Alyousif, O. K. Keskin, S. B. Keskin, M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, and K. M. A. Hossain. 2015. “Influence of limestone powder on mechanical, physical and self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Nov): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.09.007.
Siad, H., M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, H. A. Mesbah, and K. A. Hossain. 2018. “Advanced engineered cementitious composites with combined self-sensing and self-healing functionalities.” Constr. Build. Mater. 176 (Jul): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.05.026.
Siddique, R., and A. Mehta. 2014. “Effect of carbon nanotubes on properties of cement mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 50 (Jan): 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2013.09.019.
Su, Y., P. Jin, and Q. Zhan. 2022. “Improvement in mechanical properties and microstructure of electric arc furnace slag bricks by microbial accelerated carbonation.” J. Sustainable Cem.-Based Mater. 12 (8): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2022.2153283.
Su, Y., C. Qian, Y. Rui, and J. Feng. 2021a. “Exploring the coupled mechanism of fibers and bacteria on self-healing concrete from bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).” Cem. Concr. Compos. 116 (Feb): 103896. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2020.103896.
Su, Y., T. Zheng, and C. Qian. 2021b. “Application potential of Bacillus megaterium encapsulated by low alkaline sulphoaluminate cement in self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 273 (Mar): 121740. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2020.121740.
Tanyildizi, H., M. Ziada, M. Uysal, N. Doğruöz Güngör, and A. Coşkun. 2022. “Comparison of bacteria-based self-healing methods in metakaolin geopolymer mortars.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 16 (Jun): e00895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00895.
Trezza, M. A., and A. E. Lavat. 2001. “Analysis of the system by FT-IR spectroscopy.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (6): 869–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00502-6.
Turk, K., and S. Demirhan. 2017. “Effect of limestone powder on the rheological, mechanical and durability properties of ECC.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 21 (9): 1151–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1150902.
Ulugöl, H., M. F. Günal, İ. Ö. Yaman, G. Yıldırım, and M. Şahmaran. 2021. “Effects of self-healing on the microstructure, transport, and electrical properties of 100% construction and demolition-waste-based geopolymer composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 121 (Aug): 104081. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2021.104081.
Van Tittelboom, K., N. De Belie, W. De Muynck, and W. Verstraete. 2010. “Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (1): 157–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.025.
Wang, J. Y., N. De Belie, and W. Verstraete. 2012. “Diatomaceous earth as a protective vehicle for bacteria applied for self-healing concrete.” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39 (4): 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10295-011-1037-1.
Wiktor, V., and H. M. Jonkers. 2011. “Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (7): 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2011.03.012.
Xi, B., Y. Zhou, K. Yu, B. Hu, X. Huang, L. Sui, and F. Xing. 2020. “Use of nano- to develop a high performance green lightweight engineered cementitious composites containing fly ash cenospheres.” J. Cleaner Prod. 262 (Jul): 121274. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.121274.
Xu, J., X. Wang, and B. Wang. 2018. “Biochemical process of ureolysis-based microbial CaCO3 precipitation and its application in self-healing concrete.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102 (7): 3121–3132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8779-x.
Yang, F., and S. Qian. 2020. “Mechanical and piezoelectric properties of ECC with CNT incorporated through fiber modification.” Constr. Build. Mater. 260 (Nov): 119717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2020.119717.
Yang, Y., M. D. Lepech, E. H. Yang, and V. C. Li. 2009. “Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet–dry cycles.” Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (5): 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2009.01.013.
Yeşilmen, S., Y. Al-Najjar, M. H. Balav, M. Şahmaran, G. Yildirim, and M. Lachemi. 2015. “Nano-modification to improve the ductility of cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Res. 76 (Oct): 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.026.
Yıldırım, G., A. H. Khiavi, S. Yeşilmen, and M. Şahmaran. 2018. “Self-healing performance of aged cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 87 (Mar): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2018.01.004.
Yıldırım, G., O. Öztürk, A. Al-Dahawi, A. A. Ulu, and M. Şahmaran. 2020. “Self-sensing capability of engineered cementitious composites: Effects of aging and loading conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 231 (Jan): 117132. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2019.117132.
Zhang, M. H., J. Islam, and S. Peethamparan. 2012. “Use of nano-silica to increase early strength and reduce setting time of concretes with high volumes of slag.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (5): 650–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2012.02.005.
Zhang, Z., S. Qian, and H. Ma. 2014. “Investigating mechanical properties and self-healing behavior of micro-cracked ECC with different volume of fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2013.11.001.
Zhang, Z., Q. Zhang, and V. C. Li. 2019. “Multiple-scale investigations on self-healing induced mechanical property recovery of ECC.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 103 (Oct): 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.014.
Zhong, W., and W. Yao. 2008. “Influence of damage degree on self-healing of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (6): 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2007.02.006.
Zhou, Y., S. Zheng, X. Huang, B. Xi, Z. Huang, and M. Guo. 2021. “Performance enhancement of green high-ductility engineered cementitious composites by nano-silica incorporation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 281 (Apr): 122618. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.122618.
Ziada, M., S. Erdem, Y. Tammam, S. Kara, and R. A. G. Lezcano. 2021. “The effect of basalt fiber on mechanical, microstructural, and high-temperature properties of fly ash-based and basalt powder waste-filled sustainable geopolymer mortar.” Sustainability 13 (22): 12610. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU132212610.
Ziada, M., H. Tanyildizi, and M. Uysal. 2023. “Bacterial healing of geopolymer concrete exposed to combined sulfate and freeze-thaw effects.” Constr. Build. Mater. 369 (Mar): 130517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130517.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 14, 2022
Accepted: Jun 16, 2023
Published online: Oct 26, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Mar 26, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.