Analysis and Optimization of Tensile Strength for Loess Stabilized by Calcium Carbide Residue
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 8
Abstract
Calcium carbide residue (CCR) can be reutilized to solidify the loess for road construction as a base or subbase due to its rich facilitating pozzolanic reaction with water and soil particles. This study examines the effect of curing time, CCR contents, and dry unit weights on the tensile strength () of CCR-stabilized loess through the splitting tensile test. Aiming to predict the values, the ratio of porosity () controlled by compacted effort and initial volumetric CCR content (), namely , was chosen as a prediction parameter and then modified to for compatible variation rate with values. A prediction model for the splitting tensile strength of CCR-treated soil was proposed considering the modified ratio and curing days. The results indicate that values showed a nearly linear positive correlation with CCR contents and dry unit weights, logarithmic increase with the extension of curing time, but no apparent relationship with the ratio . The modified ratio can reflect the trend of values at different curing days since the coefficients of determination were almost greater than 0.90 except for the specimens cured for seven days. The proposed prediction model had a good fit for laboratory data with 97% acceptability and close to 3% error. It can be applied for estimating the values of CCR-stabilized loess using curing time and an optimized ratio of porosity and initial volumetric CCR content. From the aspect of practical engineering, the reutilization of CCR can reduce construction costs, waste disposal costs, and environmental pollution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Key R&D program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2022SF-169) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (Grant No. 300102212206).
References
Arulrajah, A., M. Yaghoubi, M. M. Disfani, S. Horpibulsuk, M. W. Bo, and M. Leong. 2018. “Evaluation of fly ash- and slag-based geopolymers for the improvement of a soft marine clay by deep soil mixing.” Soils Found. 58 (6): 1358–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.07.005.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test methods for particle-size distribution (gradation) of soils using sieve analysis. ASTMD 6913-04. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes unified soil classification system. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard test methods for determination of maximum dry unit weight of granular soils using a vibrating hammer. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021. Standard test method for particle-size distribution (gradation) of fine-grained soils using the sedimentation (hydrometer) analysis. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bakaiyang, L., J. Madjadoumbaye, Y. Boussafir, F. Szymkiewicz, and M. Duc. 2021. “Re-use in road construction of a Karal-type clay-rich soil from North Cameroon after a lime/cement mixed treatment using two different limes.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 15 (Dec): e00626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00626.
Baldovino, J. A., E. B. Moreira, W. Teixeira, R. L. Izzo, and J. L. Rose. 2018. “Effects of lime addition on geotechnical properties of sedimentary soil in Curitiba, Brazil.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 10 (1): 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.10.001.
Baldovino, J. D. J. A., R. L. dos Santos Izzo, E. B. Moreira, and J. L. Rose. 2019. “Optimizing the evolution of strength for lime-stabilized rammed soil.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 11 (4): 882–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.10.008.
Baldovino, J. D. J. A., R. L. D. S. Izzo, M. D. Pereira, E. V. D. G. Rocha, J. L. Rose, and V. R. Bordignon. 2020. “Equations controlling tensile and compressive strength ratio of sedimentary soil–cement mixtures under optimal compaction conditions.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (1): 04019320. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002973.
Caro, S., J. P. Agudelo, B. Caicedo, L. F. Orozco, F. Patiño, and N. Rodado. 2019. “Advanced characterisation of cement-stabilised lateritic soils to be used as road materials.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (12): 1425–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1430893.
Chindaprasirt, P., A. Kampala, P. Jitsangiam, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2020. “Performance and evaluation of calcium carbide residue stabilized lateritic soil for construction materials.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 13 (Dec): e00389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00389.
Chinese Specification. 2009. Test methods of materials stabilized with inorganic binders for highway engineering. [In Chinese.] JTG E51-2009. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Consoli, N. C., A. Dalla Rosa Johann, E. A. Gauer, V. R. Dos Santos, R. L. Moretto, and M. B. Corte. 2012. “Key parameters for tensile and compressive strength of silt-lime mixtures.” Geotech. Lett. 2 (3): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.12.00014.
Consoli, N. C., C. G. da Rocha, and C. Silvani. 2014. “Devising dosages for soil–fly ash–lime blends based on tensile strength controlling equations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 55 (Mar): 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.044.
Consoli, N. C., L. Festugato, B. S. Consoli, and L. da Silva Lopes Jr. 2015. “Assessing failure envelopes of soil–fly ash–lime blends.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (5): 04014174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001134.
Consoli, N. C., L. Festugato, C. G. da Rocha, and R. C. Cruz. 2013. “Key parameters for strength control of rammed sand–cement mixtures: Influence of types of portland cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49: 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.062.
Consoli, N. C., D. Foppa, L. Festugato, and K. S. Heineck. 2007. “Key parameters for strength control of artificially cemented soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (2): 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:2(197).
Consoli, N. C., E. J. B. Marin, R. A. Q. Samaniego, K. S. Heineck, and A. D. Johann. 2019. “Use of sustainable binders in soil stabilization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (2): 06018023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002571.
Consoli, N. C., A. D. Rosa, and R. B. Saldanha. 2011. “Variables governing strength of compacted soil–fly ash–lime mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (4): 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000186.
Diamond, S., and E. B. Kinter. 1965. “Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization.” Highway Res. Rec. 92 (303): 83–102.
Du, Y. J., N. J. Jiang, S. Y. Liu, S. Horpibulsuk, and A. Arulrajah. 2016. “Field evaluation of soft highway subgrade soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue.” Soils Found. 56 (2): 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.012.
Emarah, D. A., and S. A. Seleem. 2018. “Swelling soils treatment using lime and sea water for roads construction.” Alexandria Eng. J. 57 (4): 2357–2365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.08.009.
Emmanuel, E., V. Anggraini, M. E. Raghunandan, A. Asadi, and A. Bouazza. 2022. “Improving the engineering properties of a soft marine clay with forsteritic olivine.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 26 (2): 519–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1665593.
Eskisar, T. 2021. “The role of carbide lime and fly ash blends on the geotechnical properties of clay soils.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 80 (8): 6343–6357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02326-y.
Hatmoko, J. T., and H. Suryadharma. 2017. “Shear behavior of calcium carbide residue—Bagasse ash stabilized expansive soil.” Procedia Eng. 171 (Jan): 476–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.359.
Hologado, M., V. Rives, and S. San Román. 1992. “Thermal decomposition of Ca (OH) 2 from acetylene manufacturing: A route to supports for methane oxidative coupling catalysts.” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11 (24): 1708–1710. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00736217.
Horpibulsuk, S., C. Phetchuay, and A. Chinkulkijniwat. 2012. “Soil stabilization by calcium carbide residue and fly ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (2): 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000370.
Hunter, D. 1988. “Lime-induced heave in sulfate-bearing clay soils.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (2): 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(150).
Jiang, N. J., Y. J. Du, S. Y. Liu, M. L. Wei, S. Horpibulsuk, and A. Arulrajah. 2016. “Multi-scale laboratory evaluation of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of soft highway subgrade soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (3): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0245.
Joel, M., and J. E. Edeh. 2013. “Soil modification and stabilization potential of calcium carbide waste.” In Vol. 824 of Advanced materials research, 29–36. Bäch, SZ: Trans Tech Publications.
Kampala, A., and S. Horpibulsuk. 2013. “Engineering properties of silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (5): 632–644. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000618.
Latifi, N., and C. L. Meehan. 2017. “Strengthening of montmorillonitic and kaolinitic clays with calcium carbide residue: A sustainable additive for soil stabilization.” In Vol. 277 of Geotechnical frontiers, 154–163. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Latifi, N., F. Vahedifard, E. Ghazanfari, and A. S. A. Rashid. 2018. “Sustainable usage of calcium carbide residue for stabilization of clays.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (6): 04018099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002313.
Li, Y. D., J. F. Li, J. Cui, Y. Shan, and Y. F. Niu. 2021. “Experimental study on calcium carbide residue as a combined activator for coal gangue geopolymer and feasibility for soil stabilization.” Constr. Build. Mater. 312 (Dec): 125465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125465.
Liu, Y. Y., C. W. Chang, A. Namdar, Y. She, C. H. Lin, X. Yuan, and Q. Yang. 2019. “Stabilization of expansive soil using cementing material from rice husk ash and calcium carbide residue.” Constr. Build. Mater. 221 (Oct): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.157.
Noolu, V., H. Mudavath, R. J. Pillai, and S. K. Yantrapalli. 2019. “Permanent deformation behaviour of black cotton soil treated with calcium carbide residue.” Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (Oct): 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.010.
Patel, S. K., and B. Singh. 2017. “Strength and deformation behavior of fiber-reinforced cohesive soil under varying moisture and compaction states.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (4): 1767–1781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0207-y.
Phoo-ngernkham, T., C. Phiangphimai, D. Intarabut, S. Hanjitsuwan, N. Damrongwiriyanupap, L. Y. Li, and P. Chindaprasirt. 2020. “Low cost and sustainable repair material made from alkali-activated high-calcium fly ash with calcium carbide residue.” Constr. Build. Mater. 247 (Jun): 118543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118543.
Saldanha, R. B., H. C. Scheuermann, J. E. C. Mallmann, N. C. Consoli, and K. R. Reddy. 2018. “Physical-mineralogical-chemical characterization of carbide lime: An environment-friendly chemical additive for soil stabilization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (6): 06018004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002283.
Sukprasert, S., M. Hoy, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Arulrajah, A. S. A. Rashid, and R. Nazir. 2021. “Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications.” Road Mater. Pavement 22 (2): 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1621190.
Sun, Y. J., J. Ma, Y. G. Chen, B. H. Tan, and W. J. Cheng. 2020. “Mechanical behavior of copper-contaminated soil solidified/stabilized with carbide slag and metakaolin.” Environ. Earth Sci. 79 (18): 423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09172-3.
Tefa, L., M. Bassani, B. Coppola, and P. Palmero. 2022. “Effect of degradation on mechanical strengths of alkali-activated fines in stabilized construction and demolition waste aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (2): 04021454. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004090.
Zhao, L. W., G. Y. Zhu, S. P. Li, Z. H. Meng, X. J. Mu, J. B. Zhang, H. Q. Li, and K. Q. Xie. 2021. “Research progress on characteristics and comprehensive utilization of calcium carbide slag.” [In Chinese]. Clean Coal Technol. 27 (3): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.13226/j.issn.1006-6772.21010601.
Zhao, Y., J. Zhan, G. Liu, M. Zheng, R. Jin, L. Yang, L. Hao, X. Wu, X. Zhang, and P. Wang. 2017. “Evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds from a cement plant using carbide slag from chlor-alkali industry as the major raw material.” J. Hazard Mater. 330 (May): 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.018.
Zhiyan Consulting. 2022. Investment planning prospect of China’s calcium carbide industry and 14th five-year development strategy analysis report 2022–2027. Beijing: Zhiyan Consulting.
Zhuang, X. Y., L. Chen, S. Komarneni, C. H. Zhou, D. S. Tong, H. M. Yang, W. H. Yu, and H. Wang. 2016. “Fly ash-based geopolymer: Clean production, properties and applications.” J. Cleaner Prod. 125 (Jul): 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.019.
Zurinskas, D., D. Vaiciukyniene, G. Stelmokaitis, and V. Dorosevas. 2020. “Clayey soil strength improvement by using alkali activated slag reinforcing.” Minerals 10 (12): 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121076.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 30, 2022
Accepted: Jan 24, 2023
Published online: May 31, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 31, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.