Particle Number Emission for Different Toll Collection Systems in India
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28, Issue 2
Abstract
This investigation quantifies the advantages of transitioning from a cash to electronic toll collection (ETC)/open road tolling (ORT) system in an Indian setting. The real-world driving emissions approach, which is considered more suitable at locations with frequent acceleration and deceleration events, was adopted for actual onroad emissions data. Observations demonstrated that, unlike diesel vehicles, emissions generated during the waiting phase in gasoline vehicles were relatively minor when compared with acceleration and deceleration phases. As a result, for queues of equivalent length, the benefits of ETC were not pronounced for gasoline vehicles. Simulations were also carried out using a traffic simulation model VISSIM under three separate regimes – a 100% cash-based system, ETC, and ORT. Results revealed that the emissions generated by the ETC and cash-based systems were respectively 2 and 4 times greater than those generated by ORT. Likewise, the cumulative weekly time-delay experienced under the cash system was 2.5 times greater than that experienced under ETC. Furthermore, a comparison of efficiency of the cash and ETC systems was carried out by assessing the time-headway between transactions of both toll collection systems. The same was found to be approximately 21 s for the cash and 13 s for the ETC system in India. These results provide ample justification for the Indian government to contemplate a shift to ORT.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful for the financial support and data provided by National Highways Authority of India, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways vide award no. NHAI/SRD&Q/133/2019/145062 dated 03.12.2019. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the PTV group for providing the Thesis license version of VISSIM.
Author contributions: The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design – Amit Munjal, Sri Harsha Kota; data collection – Amit Munjal; analysis and interpretation of results –Amit Munjal, Archana Chawla, Sri Harsha Kota; draft manuscript preparation – Amit Munjal, Archana Chawla, Sri Harsha Kota, Arvind K. Nema. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28 • Issue 2 • April 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 11, 2023
Accepted: Oct 22, 2023
Published online: Jan 17, 2024
Published in print: Apr 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jun 17, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Air pollution
- Business management
- Developing countries
- Emissions
- Energy engineering
- Energy sources (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Environmental engineering
- Fuels
- Gasoline
- Highway transportation
- Infrastructure
- Models (by type)
- Non-renewable energy
- Particle pollution
- Petroleum
- Pollution
- Practice and Profession
- Tolls
- Traffic models
- Transportation engineering
- Transportation management
- Vehicles
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