Abstract

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.

Acknowledgments

The first author thanks his current and former colleagues from the UNSW Water Research Laboratory Dr. Laura Montano, Dr. Rui Li and Benjamin Modra for fruitful discussions. The authors of this manuscript are the Guest Editors for the Special Collection on “Recent Advances in the Observation of Air-water Flows.” To avoid any competing interest, the manuscript was handled by another editor.

References

Amador, A., M. Sánchez-Juny, and J. Dolz. 2009. “Developing flow region and pressure fluctuations on steeply sloping stepped spillways.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 135 (12): 1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000118.
Amann, M. C., T. M. Bosch, M. Lescure, R. A. Myllylae, and M. Rioux. 2001. “Laser ranging: A critical review of unusual techniques for distance measurement.” Opt. Eng. 40 (1): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1330700.
Bai, R., R. Tang, and H. Wang. 2022. “Case study of prototype hydraulic jump on slope: Air entrainment and free-surface measurement.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 148 (11): 07022007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0002013.
Bombardelli, F. A., I. Meireles, and J. Matos. 2011. “Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence in the non-aerated skimming flow region of steep stepped spillways.” Environ. Fluid Mech. 11 (3): 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-010-9188-6.
Borges, J. E., N. H. Pereira, J. Matos, and K. H. Frizell. 2010. “Performance of a combined three-hole conductivity probe for void fraction and velocity measurement in air–water flows.” Exp. Fluids 48 (Mar): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0699-1.
Bung, D. B. 2011. “Non-intrusive measuring of air-water flow properties in self-aerated stepped spillway flow.” In Proc., of the 34th IAHR World Congress. Barton, ACT, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Bung, D. B. 2013. “Non-intrusive detection of air-water surface roughness in self-aerated chute flows.” J. Hydraul. Res. 51 (Dec): 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.777373.
Bung, D. B., B. M. Crookston, and D. Valero. 2021. “Turbulent free-surface monitoring with an RGB-D sensor: The hydraulic jump case.” J. Hydraul. Res. 59 (5): 779–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2020.1844810.
Bung, D. B., and D. Valero. 2016. “Optical flow estimation in aerated flows.” J. Hydraul. Res. 54 (5): 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2016.1173600.
Cain, P. 1978. “Measurements within self-aerated flow on a large spillway.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Cartellier, A., and J. Achard. 1991. “Local phase detection probes in fluid/fluid two-phase flows.” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 (Dec): 279–303. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1142117.
Chanson, H. 1994. “Drag reduction in open-channel flow by aeration and suspended load.” J. Hydraul. Res. 32 (Mar): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689409498791.
Chanson, H. 1996. Air bubble entrainment in free-surface turbulent shear flows. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Chanson, H. 2002. “Air-water flow measurements with intrusive, phase-detection probes: Can we improve their interpretation?” J. Hydraul. Eng. 128 (3): 252–255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:3(252).
Chanson, H. 2013. “Hydraulics of aerated flows: Qui pro quo?” J. Hydraul. Res. 51 (3): 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.795917.
Chanson, H. 2022. “Stepped spillway prototype operation and air entrainment: Toward a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to air entrainment in skimming flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 148 (11): 05022004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0002015.
Deng, Z., G. R. Guensch, M. C. Richmond, M. A. Weiland, and T. J. Carlson. 2007. “Prototype measurements of pressure fluctuations in The Dalles Dam stilling basin.” J. Hydraul. Res. 45 (5): 674–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521803.
Erpicum, S., B. Crookston, F. Bombardelli, D. B. Bung, S. Felder, S. Mulligan, M. Oertel, and M. Palermo. 2021. “Hydraulic structures engineering: An evolving science in a changing world.” WIREs Water 8 (2): e1505. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1505.
Falvey, H. T. 1980. Air-water flow in hydraulic structures. Denver: US Department of the Interior, Water and Power Resources Service.
Falvey, H. T. 1990. Cavitation in chutes and spillways. Denver: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
Felder, S., and H. Chanson. 2014. “Air–water flows and free-surface profiles on a non-uniform stepped chute.” J. Hydraul. Res. 52 (2): 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.841780.
Felder, S., and H. Chanson. 2015. “Phase-detection probe measurements in high-velocity free-surface flows including a discussion of key sampling parameters.” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 61 (May): 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.10.009.
Felder, S., S. Erpicum, S. Mulligan, D. Valero, D. Zhu, and B. Crookston. 2021. “Hydraulic structures at a crossroads towards the SDGs.” In IAHR White Paper. Beijing: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.
Felder, S., B. Hohermuth, and R. M. Boes. 2019. “High-velocity air-water flows downstream of sluice gates including selection of optimum phase-detection probe.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 116 (Feb): 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2019.04.015.
Felder, S., and L. Montano. 2022. “Remote sensing technologies for dam design and prototype monitoring.” In Proc., of the Ancold/Nzsold 2022 Conf. Hobart, TAS, Australia: Australian National Committee on Large Dams.
Fiorotto, V., and A. Rinaldo. 1992. “Fluctuating uplift and lining design in spillway stilling basins.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 118 (4): 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:4(578).
Fischer, E. M., and R. Knutti. 2016. “Observed heavy precipitation increase confirms theory and early models.” Nat. Clim. Change 6 (11): 986–991. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3110.
Hager, W. H., A. J. Schleiss, R. M. Boes, and M. Pfister. 2020. Hydraulic engineering of dams. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Heller, V. 2011. “Scale effects in physical hydraulic engineering models.” J. Hydraul. Res. 49 (3): 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.578914.
Heller, V. 2017. “Self-similarity and Reynolds number invariance in Froude modelling.” J. Hydraul. Res. 55 (3): 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2016.1250832.
Hohermuth, B., R. M. Boes, and S. Felder. 2021a. “High-velocity air–water flow measurements in a prototype tunnel chute: Scaling of void fraction and interfacial velocity.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 147 (11): 04021044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001936.
Hohermuth, B., M. Kramer, S. Felder, and D. Valero. 2021b. “Velocity bias in intrusive gas-liquid flow measurements.” Nat. Commun. 12 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24231-4.
Jalili Ghazizadeh, M., A. R. Zarrati, and M. J. Ostad Mirza Tehrani. 2023. “Numerical modeling of self-aeration in high-speed flows over smooth chute spillways.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 149 (3): 04022042. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHEND8.HYENG-12914.
Kramer, M., H. Chanson, and S. Felder. 2019b. “Can we improve the non-intrusive characterization of high-velocity air–water flows? Application of LIDAR technology to stepped spillways.” J. Hydraul. Res. 58 (2): 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1581670.
Kramer, M., and S. Felder. 2021. “Remote sensing of aerated flows at large dams: Proof of concept.” Remote Sens. 13 (Mar): 2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142836.
Kramer, M., S. Felder, B. Hohermuth, and D. Valero. 2021. “Drag reduction in aerated chute flow: Role of bottom air concentration.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 147 (11): 04021041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001925.
Kramer, M., B. Hohermuth, D. Valero, and S. Felder. 2020a. “Best practices for velocity estimations in highly aerated flows with dual-tip phase-detection probes.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 126 (Mar): 103228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103228.
Kramer, M., B. Hohermuth, D. Valero, and S. Felder. 2020b. “Leveraging event detection techniques and cross-correlation analysis for phase-detection probe measurements in turbulent air-water flows.” In Proc., of the Int. Symp. on Hydraulic Structures (ISHS2020). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Univ. of Queensland.
Kramer, M., and D. Valero. 2020. “Turbulence and self-similarity in highly-aerated shear flows: The stable hydraulic jump.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 129 (Mar): 103316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103316.
Kramer, M., and D. Valero. 2023. “Linking turbulent waves and bubble diffusion in self-aerated open-channel flows: Two-state air concentration.” J. Fluid Mech. 966 (Jul): A37. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.440.
Kramer, M., D. Valero, H. Chanson, and D. B. Bung. 2019a. “Towards reliable turbulence estimations with phase-detection probes: An adaptive window cross-correlation technique.” Exp. Fluids 60 (1): 2.
Leandro, J., D. B. Bung, and R. Carvalho. 2014. “Measuring void fraction and velocity fields of a stepped spillway for skimming flow using non-intrusive methods.” Exp. Fluids 55 (5): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1732-6.
Li, R., K. D. Splinter, and S. Felder. 2021a. “Aligning free surface properties in time-varying hydraulic jumps.” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 126 (Aug): 110392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2021.110392.
Li, R., K. D. Splinter, and S. Felder. 2021b. “LIDAR scanning as an advanced technology in physical hydraulic modelling: The stilling basin example.” Remote Sens. 13 (18): 3599. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183599.
Li, R., K. D. Splinter, M. Kramer, and S. Felder. 2022. “Angle effects of LIDAR measurements on a flat surface and in high-velocity spillway flows.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Hydraulic Structures (ISHS2022), Logan, UT: Utah State Univ. https://doi.org/10.26077/64f1-4c4b.
Lopardo, R. A. 1988. “Stilling basin pressure fluctuations.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Model-Prototype Correlation of Hydraulic Structures, edited by H. Burgi Phillip, 56–73. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Lopardo, R. A., J. C. De Lio, and G. F. Vernet. 1982. “Physical modelling on cavitation tendency for macroturbulence of hydraulic jump.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Hydraulic Modelling of Civil Engineering Structures Coventry, 109–121. Bedford, UK: BHRA Fluid Engineering.
Macián-Pérez, J. F., F. J. Vallés-Morán, S. Sánchez-Gómez, M. De-Rossi-Estrada, and R. García-Bartual. 2020. “Experimental characterization of the hydraulic jump profile and velocity distribution in a stilling basin physical model.” Water 12 (6): 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061758.
Matos, J., K. H. Frizell, S. André, and K. W. Frizell. 2002. “On the performance of velocity measurement techniques in air-water flows.” In Proc., Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, 1–11. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Miller, N., and R. E. Mitchie. 1970. “Measurement of local voidage in liquid/gas two-phase flow systems using a universal probe.” J. Br. Nucl. Energy Soc. 9 (2): 94–100.
Montano, L., and S. Felder. 2020. “LIDAR observations of free-surface time and length scales in hydraulic jumps.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (4): 04020007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001706.
Montano, L., R. Li, and S. Felder. 2018. “Continuous measurements of time-varying free-surface profiles in aerated hydraulic jumps with a LIDAR.” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 93 (Jan): 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.01.016.
Murzyn, F., D. Mouazé, and J. R. Chaplin. 2005. “Optical fibre probe measurements of bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 31 (1): 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.09.004.
Muste, M., D. A. Lyn, D. Admiraal, R. Ettema, V. Nikora, and M. H. García. eds. 2017. Experimental hydraulics: Methods, instrumentation, data processing and management: Volume I: Fundamentals and methods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Neal, L. G., and S. G. Bankoff. 1963. “A high resolution resistivity probe for determination of local void properties in gas-liquid flow.” AIChE J. 9 (4): 490–494. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690090415.
Pagliara, S., S. Felder, R. M. Boes, and B. Hohermuth. 2024. “Intrusive effects of dual-tip conductivity probes on bubble measurements in a wide velocity range.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 170 (Jan): 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104660.
Pavlovčič, U., G. Rak, M. Hočevar, and M. Jezeršek. 2020. “Ranging of turbulent water surfaces using a laser triangulation principle in a laboratory environment.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (8): 04020052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001777.
Peltier, Y., B. Dewals, P. Archambeau, M. Pirotton, and S. Erpicum. 2018. “Pressure and velocity on an ogee spillway crest operating at high head ratio: Experimental measurements and validation.” J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 19 (Dec): 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.03.002.
Perera, D., V. Smakhtin, S. Williams, T. North, and A. Curry. 2021. Ageing water storage infrastructure: An emerging global risk. Hamilton, Canada: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
Perret, M., and P. M. Carrica. 2015. “Bubble-wall interaction and two-phase flow parameters on a full-scale boat boundary layer.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 73 (Jun): 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.03.013.
Peterka, A. J. 1978. Hydraulic design of stilling basins and energy dissipators (No. 25). Washington, DC: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
Rak, G., M. Hočevar, S. Kolbl Repinc, L. Novak, and B. Bizjan. 2023. “A review on methods for measurement of free water surface.” Sensors 23 (4): 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041842.
Rak, G., M. Hočevar, and F. Steinman. 2017. “Measuring water surface topography using laser scanning.” Flow Meas. Instrum. 56 (Aug): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2017.07.004.
Savage, B. M., and M. C. Johnson. 2001. “Flow over ogee spillway: Physical and numerical model case study.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 127 (8): 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:8(640).
Stojnic, I., M. Pfister, J. Matos, and A. J. Schleiss. 2021. “Effect of 30-degree sloping smooth and stepped chute approach flow on the performance of a classical stilling basin.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 147 (2): 04020097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001840.
Straub, L. G., and A. G. Anderson. 1958. “Experiments on self-aerated flow in open channels.” J. Hydraul. Div. 84 (7): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0000261.
Toso, J. W., and C. E. Bowers. 1988. “Extreme pressures in hydraulic-jump stilling basins.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 114 (8): 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:8(829).
Wahl, T. L., K. W. Frizell, and H. T. Falvey. 2019. “Uplift pressures below spillway chute slabs at unvented open offset joints.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 145 (11): 04019039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001637.
Wang, H., F. Murzyn, and H. Chanson. 2014. “Total pressure fluctuations and two-phase flow turbulence in hydraulic jumps.” Exp. Fluids 55 (Nov): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1847-9.
Wang, H., R. Tang, Z. Bai, S. Liu, W. Sang, and R. Bai. 2023. “Prototype air–water flow measurements in D-type hydraulic jumps.” J. Hydraul. Res. 61 (1): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2022.2132310.
Wang, K., R. Tang, R. Bai, and H. Wang. 2021. “Evaluating phase-detection-based approaches for interfacial velocity and turbulence intensity estimation in a highly-aerated hydraulic jump.” Flow Meas. Instrum. 81 (Oct): 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102045.
Wei, H., K. Tao, Y. Luo, B. Song, M. Wang, and J. Xu. 2023. “Hydraulic prototype observation tests on reconstructed energy dissipation facilities.” Appl. Sci. 13 (10): 6216. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106216.
Wilcox, D. C. 2006. Turbulence modeling for CFD. 3rd ed. La Canada, CA: DCW Industries.
Wilhelms, S. C., and J. S. Gulliver. 2005. “Bubbles and waves description of self-aerated spillway flow.” J. Hydraul. Res. 43 (5): 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680509500150.
Wood, I. R. 1983. “Uniform region of self-aerated flow.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 109 (3): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:3(447).
Wood, I. R. 1991. Air entrainment in free-surface flows. Kalamazoo, MI: Balkema.
Wüthrich, D., R. Shi, and H. Chanson. 2021. “Strong free-surface turbulence in breaking bores: A physical study on the free-surface dynamics and air–water interfacial features.” J. Fluid Mech. 924 (Dec): A20. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.614.
Zabaleta, F., S. M. Damián, and F. A. Bombardelli. 2023. “A novel three-phase mixture approach for the numerical modeling of self-aerated flows.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 408 (Nov): 115958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2023.115958.
Zhang, G., and H. Chanson. 2018. “Application of local optical flow methods to high-velocity free-surface flows: Validation and application to stepped chutes.” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 90 (Jan): 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.09.010.
Zhang, G., H. Chanson, and H. Wang. 2016. “Total pressure fluctuations and two-phase flow turbulence in self-aerated stepped chute flows.” Flow Meas. Instrum. 51 (Oct): 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2016.08.007.
Zhang, G., D. Valero, D. B. Bung, and H. Chanson. 2018. “On the estimation of free-surface turbulence using ultrasonic sensors.” Flow Meas. Instrum. 60 (Apr): 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.02.009.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 150Issue 6November 2024

History

Received: Dec 19, 2023
Accepted: May 22, 2024
Published online: Jul 30, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Dec 30, 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Associate Professor, Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, 110 King St., Manly Vale, NSW 2093, Australia (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1079-6658. Email: [email protected]
Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering and Technology, UNSW Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-2751. Email: [email protected]
Senior Research Assistant, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-0444. Email: [email protected]
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; formerly, Research Associate, Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; Senior Lecturer, IHE Delft, Delft 2611 AX, Netherlands. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-7547. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share