Simulation of the Behavior of Structured Clay Using Nonassociated Constitutive Model with and without Anisotropic Fabric at Critical State
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 149, Issue 3
Abstract
In this paper, a modified/extended rotational hardening (RH) rule is applied to the nonassociated simple anisotropic constitutive model, SANICLAY-D, for clayey soils. In the proposed model, the destructuration mechanism, as well as zero and nonzero fabric anisotropy at critical state (CS), are considered. A detailed model formulation with the RH rule that yields a unique CS in the space is presented including an appropriate form of the relatively simple substepping integration algorithm. In addition, the model is implemented into ABAQUS finite-element software using a User-defined Material (UMAT) subroutine and used in the simulation of various experimental tests. The modified SANICLAY-D model (SANICLAY-MD) is meticulously calibrated step by step for Saint-Alban sensitive soft clay. Drained and undrained triaxial tests after various consolidation paths as well as the direct simple shear (DSS) test are simulated for Saint-Alban and Bothkennar clays as a boundary value problem. Simulation results approve the SANICLAY-MD model’s performance in the prediction of the natural soil behavior. Results show that neglecting the effect of fabric anisotropy at CS and destructuration of natural clays can lead to inaccurate prediction in the constitutive modeling of intact soft soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
ABAQUS. 2020. ABAQUS/standard user’s manual. Providence, RI: Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corporation.
Amorosi, A., and M. Kavvadas. 2002. “A critical review of the state boundary surface concept in light of advanced constitutive modelling.” In Proc., Numerical Models in Geomechanics (NUMOG VIII), 85–90. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Anandarajah, A., and Y. F. Dafalias. 1986. “Bounding surface plasticity. III: Application to anisotropic cohesive soils.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (12): 1292–1318. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:12(1292).
Banerjee, P. K., and N. B. Yousif. 1986. “A plasticity model for the mechanical behaviour of anisotropically consolidated clay.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 10 (5): 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100505.
Baudet, B., and S. Stallebrass. 2004. “A constitutive model for structured clays.” Géotechnique 54 (4): 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.4.269.
Burland, J. B. 1965. “The yielding and dilation of clay.” Géotechnique 15 (2): 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.2.211.
Burland, J. B. 1990. “On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays.” Géotechnique 40 (3): 329–378. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.329.
Callisto, L., A. Gajo, and D. Muir Wood. 2002. “Simulation of triaxial and true triaxial tests on natural and reconstituted Pisa clay.” Géotechnique 52 (9): 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.9.649.
Callisto, L., and S. Rampello. 2004. “An interpretation of structural degradation for three natural clays.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (3): 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-099.
Chen, Y., and Z. Yang. 2020. “A bounding surface model for anisotropically overconsolidated clay incorporating thermodynamics admissible rotational hardening rule.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 44 (5): 668–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3032.
Coombs, W. M. 2017. “Continuously unique anisotropic critical state hyperplasticity.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 41 (4): 578–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2571.
Cotecchia, F., and R. Chandler. 2000. “A general framework for the mechanical behaviour of clays.” Géotechnique 50 (4): 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.431.
Dafalias, Y., and M. Taiebat. 2013. “Anatomy of rotational hardening in clay plasticity.” Géotechnique 63 (16): 1406–1418. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.197.
Dafalias, Y., and M. Taiebat. 2014. “Rotational hardening with and without anisotropic fabric at critical state.” Géotechnique 64 (6): 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.T.035.
Dafalias, Y., M. Taiebat, F. Rollo, and A. Amorosi. 2020. “Convergence of rotational hardening with bounds in clay plasticity.” Géotech. Lett. 10 (1): 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.19.00012.
Dafalias, Y. F. 1986a. “An anisotropic critical state soil plasticity model.” Mech. Res. Commun. 13 (6): 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(86)90047-9.
Dafalias, Y. F. 1986b. “Bounding surface plasticity. I: Mathematical foundation and hypoplasticity.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (9): 966–987. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:9(966).
Dafalias, Y. F., and L. R. Herrmann. 1986. “Bounding surface plasticity. II: Application to isotropic cohesive soils.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (12): 1263–1291. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:12(1263).
Dafalias, Y. F., M. T. Manzari, and M. Akaishi. 2002. “A simple anisotropic clay plasticity model.” Mech. Res. Commun. 29 (4): 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-6413(02)00252-5.
Dafalias, Y. F., M. T. Manzari, and A. G. Papadimitriou. 2006. “SANICLAY: Simple anisotropic clay plasticity model.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 30 (12): 1231–1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.524.
Dowell, M., and P. Jarratt. 1972. “The ‘Pegasus’ method for computing the root of an equation.” BIT Numer. Math. 12 (4): 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01932959.
Fu, P., and Y. F. Dafalias. 2011. “Fabric evolution within shear bands of granular materials and its relation to critical state theory.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 35 (18): 1918–1948. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.988.
Gajo, A., and D. Muir Wood. 2001. “A new approach to anisotropic, bounding surface plasticity: General formulation and simulations of natural and reconstituted clay behaviour.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 25 (3): 207–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.126.
Gens, A., and R. Nova. 1993. “Conceptual bases for a constitutive model for bounded soils and weak rocks.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., Geomechanical Engineering of Hard Soils and Soft Rocks, edited by A. Anagnostopoulos, F. Schlosser, N. Kaltesiotis, and R. Frank, 485–494. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
Grammatikopoulou, A., L. Zdravkovic, and D. Potts. 2008. “Numerical analysis of an embankment founded on structured clay.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, 4041–4048. Goa, India: International Assn for Computer Methods & Advances in Geomechanics.
Jiang, J., and H. I. Ling. 2010. “A framework of an anisotropic elastoplastic model for clays.” Mech. Res. Commun. 37 (4): 394–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2010.04.004.
Karstunen, M., M. Rezania, and N. Sivasithamparam. 2013. “Comparison of anisotropic rate-dependent models at element level.” In Constitutive modeling of geomaterials, 115–119. Berlin: Springer.
Katti, D. R. 1991. “Modelling including associated testing of cohesive soil using disturbed state concept.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Univ. of Arizona.
Kavvadas, M., and A. Amorosi. 2000. “A constitutive model for structured soils.” Géotechnique 50 (3): 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.3.263.
Korhonen, K., and M. Lojander. 1987. “Yielding of Perno clay.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Constitutive Laws for Engineering Materials, 1249–1255. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Lagioia, R., and R. Nova. 1995. “An experimental and theoretical study of the behaviour of a calcarenite in triaxial compression.” Géotechnique 45 (4): 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1995.45.4.633.
Lefebvre, G., and P. Pfendler. 1996. “Strain rate and preshear effects in cyclic resistance of soft clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (1): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:1(21).
Leroueil, S. 1977. “Quelques considérations sur le comportement des argiles sensibles.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Univ. of Laval Quebec.
Leroueil, S., M. Roy, P. La Rochelle, F. Brucy, and F. A. Tavenas. 1979. “Behavior of destructured natural clays.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 105 (6): 759–778. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000823.
Leroueil, S., and P. Vaughan. 1990. “The general and congruent effects of structure in natural soils and weak rocks.” Géotechnique 40 (3): 467–488. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.467.
Ling, H. I., D. Yue, V. N. Kaliakin, and N. J. Themelis. 2002. “Anisotropic elastoplastic bounding surface model for cohesive soils.” J. Eng. Mech. 128 (7): 748–758. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:7(748).
Liu, M., and J. Carter. 2002. “A structured Cam Clay model.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (6): 1313–1332. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-069.
Newson, T., and M. Davies. 1996. “A rotational hardening constitutive model for anisotropically consolidated clay.” Soils Found. 36 (3): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.3_13.
Nieto Leal, A., V. N. Kaliakin, and M. Mashayekhi. 2018. “Improved rotational hardening rule for cohesive soils and definition of inherent anisotropy.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 42 (3): 469–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2750.
Nova, R. 1992. “Mathematical modelling of natural and engineered geomaterials. General lecture 1st ECSM Munchen.” Eur. J. Mech. A: Solids 11: 135–154.
Oka, F., S. Leroueil, and F. Tavenas. 1989. “A constitutive model for natural soft clay with strain softening.” Soils Found. 29 (3): 54–66. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.3_54.
Panayides, S., M. Rouainia, and D. Muir Wood. 2012. “Influence of degradation of structure on the behaviour of a full-scale embankment.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (3): 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-104.
Rezania, M., and H. Dejaloud. 2021. “BS-CLAY1: Anisotropic bounding surface constitutive model for natural clays.” Comput. Geotech. 135 (Jul): 104099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104099.
Rezania, M., H. Nguyen, H. Zanganeh, and M. Taiebat. 2018. “Numerical analysis of Ballina test embankment on a soft structured clay foundation.” Comput. Geotech. 93 (Jan): 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.05.013.
Rochelle, P. L., J. Sarrailh, F. Tavenas, M. Roy, and S. Leroueil. 1981. “Causes of sampling disturbance and design of a new sampler for sensitive soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (1): 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-006.
Rochelle, P. L., B. Trak, F. Tavenas, and M. Roy. 1974. “Failure of a test embankment on a sensitive Champlain clay deposit.” Can. Geotech. J. 11 (1): 142–164. https://doi.org/10.1139/t74-009.
Rouainia, M., and D. Muir Wood. 2000. “A kinematic hardening constitutive model for natural clays with loss of structure.” Géotechnique 50 (2): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.2.153.
Sekiguchi, H., and K. Ohta. 1977. “Induced anisotropy and time dependence in clays.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Specialty Session 9), 229–238. Tokyo: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Sheng, D., S. Sloan, and H. Yu. 1999. “Practical implementation of critical state models in FEM.” In Proc., 8th Australia New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics. Hobart, TAS, Australia: National Library of Australia.
Shirmohammadi, A., M. Hajialilue-Bonab, and D. Dadras-Ajirloo. 2021. “Application of a simplified anisotropic constitutive model for soft structured clay on embankment failure.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (8): 04021125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002109.
Sivasithamparam, N., and J. Castro. 2016. “An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays based on logarithmic contractancy.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 40 (4): 596–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2418.
Sloan, S. W. 1987. “Substepping schemes for the numerical integration of elastoplastic stress–strain relations.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 24 (5): 893–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620240505.
Sloan, S. W., A. J. Abbo, and D. Sheng. 2001. “Refined explicit integration of elastoplastic models with automatic error control.” Eng. Comput. 18 (1–2): 121–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/02644400110365842.
Smith, P., R. Jardine, and D. Hight. 1992. “The yielding of Bothkennar clay.” Géotechnique 42 (2): 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1992.42.2.257.
Taiebat, M., Y. F. Dafalias, and R. Peek. 2010. “A destructuration theory and its application to SANICLAY model.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 34 (10): 1009–1040. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.841.
Tavenas, F. 1977. “Effects of stresses and time on yielding of clays.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 319–326. Tokyo: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Tavenas, F., C. Chapeau, P. L. Rochelle, and M. Roy. 1974. “Immediate settlements of three test embankments on Champlain clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 11 (1): 109–141. https://doi.org/10.1139/t74-008.
Tavenas, F., P. Jean, P. Leblond, and S. Leroueil. 1984. “The permeability of natural soft clays. Part II: Permeability characteristics: Reply.” Can. Geotech. J. 21 (4): 731–732. https://doi.org/10.1139/t84-082.
Thevanayagam, S., and J.-L. Chameau. 1992. “Modeling anisotropy of clays at critical state.” J. Eng. Mech. 118 (4): 786–806. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1992)118:4(786).
Wheeler, S., M. Cudny, H. Neher, and C. Wiltafsky. 2003a. “Some developments in constitutive modelling of soft clays.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Geotechnics of Soft Soils-Theory and Practice. Essen, Germany: Verlag Glückauf.
Wheeler, S. J., A. Näätänen, M. Karstunen, and M. Lojander. 2003b. “An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (2): 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-119.
Whittle, A. J., and M. J. Kavvadas. 1994. “Formulation of MIT-E3 constitutive model for overconsolidated clays.” J. Geotech. Eng. 120 (1): 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:1(173).
Yang, C., J. P. Carter, and S. Yu. 2015a. “Comparison of model predictions of the anisotropic plasticity of Lower Cromer Till.” Comput. Geotech. 69 (Sep): 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.06.009.
Yang, C., D. Sheng, J. P. Carter, and S. W. Sloan. 2015b. “Modelling the plastic anisotropy of Lower Cromer Till.” Comput. Geotech. 69 (Sep): 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.04.013.
Zdravković, L., D. Potts, and D. Hight. 2002. “The effect of strength anisotropy on the behaviour of embankments on soft ground.” Géotechnique 52 (6): 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.6.447.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 149 • Issue 3 • March 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 24, 2022
Accepted: Sep 3, 2022
Published online: Dec 16, 2022
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: May 16, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.