Experimental Study on Bond Behavior between CFRP–Steel Composite Bars and Coral Sea-Sand Aggregate Seawater Concrete
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 28, Issue 6
Abstract
Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer–steel composite bars (C-FSCBs) and coral sea-sand aggregate seawater concrete (CSSC) are attractive choices as construction materials for island and atoll engineering construction. Understanding the bond behavior between the C-FSCB and CSSC is crucial for evaluating the mechanical properties of C-FSCB-reinforced CSSC structures. In this study, the bond–slip behavior between the C-FSCB and CSSC was experimentally assessed via pullout tests. The influence of various factors on the bond behavior was discussed, and the bond mechanism between the C-FSCB and CSSC was analyzed. The results indicate that, unlike steel bars, the low rigidity of fiber-reinforced polymer caused surface fiber stripping (i.e., shear damage) of the C-FSCB after interface slip, consequently reducing the squeezing fragmentation of concrete between the ribs. As the diameter and bond length of the C-FSCB increased, the bond strength decreased. Compared to specimens with C-FSCBs, the bond strength of specimens with steel bars of the same diameter increased by 17.9%. The degree of coarse aggregate fracture at the CSSC interface in the splitting failure was much higher than that of normal concrete. Based on existing research data, a formula for calculating the bond strength of C-FSCBs in CSSC has been established to determine the anchorage length of C-FSCBs, and the calculated values accurately predicted the test values.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program (AA23023034), the Key R&D Program Project of Guangxi (AB21220012), the Central Project Guide Local Science and Technology for Development (ZY21195010), and the Natural Science Foundation of China (51578163). The authors also thank all technicians at the Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structure Safety of Guangxi University for their assistance during the tests.
Author contributions: Ji Zhou: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft; Zongping Chen: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing—review and editing; and Yuming Huang: Formal analysis, Writing—original draft.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- a
- shape factor of the rebar;
- B
- width of the pullout specimen;
- c
- thickness of the cover concrete;
- Ef
- elastic modulus of FRP bars;
- Es
- elastic modulus of steel bars;
- dc
- diameter of the C-FSCB;
- cylinder compressive strength of concrete;
- fcu
- cube compressive strength of concrete;
- fcsr
- residual strength of the C-FSCB;
- fcsy
- yield strength of the C-FSCB;
- fcsu
- ultimate strength of the C-FSCB;
- fcsud
- design value of the tensile strength for the C-FSCB;
- ffd
- design value of the tensile strength of the FRP bars;
- ft
- tensile strength of the concrete;
- fts
- splitting tensile strength of the concrete;
- fy
- yield strength of steel bars;
- H
- height of the pullout specimen;
- K
- interface bond coefficient;
- k
- cracking coefficient related to concrete strength and reinforcement radius;
- k1
- coefficients fitted from experimental results;
- k2
- coefficients fitted from experimental results;
- L
- length of the pullout specimen;
- la
- basic anchorage length;
- lb
- bond length;
- ls
- critical anchorage length;
- P
- measured ultimate load;
- p
- softening parameter;
- Ssm
- standard deviations of the slip value for a group of three specimens;
- Sτm
- standard deviations of the bond strength for a group of three specimens;
- s
- slip value;
- s1
- slip value corresponding to the peak bond stress;
- sm
- slip value at the ultimate load;
- sr
- curve-fitting parameter;
- α
- curve-fitting parameter;
- α′
- coefficient considering the influence of the FRP bars surface morphology;
- β
- curve-fitting parameter;
- ϕ
- bond length influence coefficient;
- γ
- bond stress distribution coefficient;
- τ
- bond stress;
- τ1
- peak bond stress; and
- τu
- bond strength.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2004. Guide test methods for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.3R-04. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. ACI PRC-440.1-15. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Cao, Y., J. Bao, and P. Zhang. 2022. “A state-of-the-art review on the durability of seawater coral aggregate concrete exposed to marine environment.” J. Build. Eng. 60: 105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105199.
CECS (China Engineering Construction Standardization Association). 2020. Technical specification for coral aggregate concrete. T/CECS 694. Beijing: China Planning Press.
Chen, Y., P. Li, and S. Zhang. 2023. “Experimental investigation on triaxial mechanical properties of coral coarse aggregate-sea sand seawater concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 409: 134213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134213.
Cheng, S., Z. Shui, T. Sun, R. Yu, and G. Zhang. 2018. “Durability and microstructure of coral sand concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 171: 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.082.
Cheng, S., Z. Shui, T. Sun, R. Yu, G. Zhang, and S. Ding. 2017. “Effects of fly ash, blast furnace slag and metakaolin on mechanical properties and durability of coral sand concrete.” Appl. Clay Sci. 141: 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.026.
CNS (China National Standard). 2010. Lightweight aggregates and its test methods—Part 2 test methods for lightweight aggregates. GB/T 17431.2. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2012. Standard for test method of concrete structures. GB/T 50152. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2015. Code for design of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] GB 50010. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2019. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties. GB/T 50081. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2020. Technical standard for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in construction. [In Chinese.] GB 50608-2020. Beijing: China Planning Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2022a. Pebble and crushed stone for construction. GB/T 14685. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2022b. Sand for construction. GB/T 14684. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1996. “Bond characteristics and anchorage length of FRP rebars.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1997. “Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 1 (2): 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1997)1:2(40).
Cox, J. V., and K. Bergeron Cochran. 2003. “Bond between carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars and concrete. II: Computational modeling.” J. Compos. Constr. 7 (2): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:2(164).
Da, B., Y. Chen, and H. Yu. 2022. “Preparation technology, mechanical properties and durability of coral aggregate seawater concrete in the island-reef environment.” J. Cleaner Prod. 339: 130572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130572.
Dong, Z., G. Wu, and Y. Xu. 2016. “Experimental study on the bond durability between steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) and sea sand concrete in ocean environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115: 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.052.
Dong, Z. Q., G. Wu, and Y. Q. Xu. 2017. “Bond and flexural behavior of sea sand concrete members reinforced with hybrid steel-composite bars presubjected to wet–dry cycles.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (2): 04016095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000749.
Dong, Z. Q., G. Wu, X. L. Zhao, and J. L. Lian. 2018. “Long-term bond durability of fiber-reinforced polymer bars embedded in seawater sea-sand concrete under ocean environments.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (5): 04018042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000876.
Eligehausen, R., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Local bond stress-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations, 69–80. Report No.83/23. Berkeley, CA: EERC, Univ. of California.
Esfahani, M. R., M. Rakhshanimehr, and S. R. Mousavi. 2013. “Bond strength of lap-spliced GFRP bars in concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (3): 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000359.
Gao, D., D. Fang, and H. Gu. 2018. “Bonding mechanism and strength calculation model of GFRP-steel composite rebars embedded in concrete.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Eng. 39 (4): 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.023.
Hao, Q., Y. Wang, and J. Ou. 2008. “Design recommendations for bond between GFRP/steel wire composite rebars and concrete.” Eng. Struct. 30 (11): 3239–3246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.04.037.
He, S. S., C. J. Jiao, and S. Li. 2023. “Investigation of mechanical strength and permeability characteristics of pervious concrete mixed with coral aggregate and seawater.” Constr. Build. Mater. 363: 129508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129508.
Huang, Y., X. Li, Y. Lu, H. Wang, Q. Wang, H. Sun, and D. Li. 2019. “Effect of mix component on the mechanical properties of coral concrete under axial compression.” Constr. Build. Mater. 223: 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.015.
Ju, M., S. Lee, and C. Park. 2017. “Response of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-steel hybrid reinforcing bar in uniaxial tension.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (4): 677–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0212-9.
Liang, X., and S. Yin. 2021. “Evaluation of the flexural behavior and serviceability of engineered cementitious composite-coral aggregate concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 308: 124937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124937.
Liang, X., and S. P. Yin. 2022. “Flexural durability of seawater coral aggregate concrete beams reinforced with basalt FRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 26 (2): 04022010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001201.
Ma, G., Y. Huang, F. Aslani, and T. Kim. 2019. “Tensile and bonding behaviors of hybridized BFRP–steel bars as concrete reinforcement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 201: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.196.
Malvar, L. J. 1995. “Tensile and bond properties of GFRP reinforcing bars.” Materials Journal 92 (3): 276–285.
Nishimura, T. 2010. “Electrochemical behaviour and structure of rust formed on Si-and Al-bearing steel after atmospheric exposure.” Corros. Sci. 52 (11): 3609–3614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.07.006.
Qi, X., Y. Huang, X. Li, Z. Hu, J. Ying, and D. Li. 2020. “Mechanical properties of sea water sea sand coral concrete modified with different cement and fiber types.” J. Renewable Mater. 8 (8): 915. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2020.010991.
Su, W., J. Liu, and L. Liu. 2023. “Progresses of high-performance coral aggregate concrete (HPCAC): A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 140: 105059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105059.
Sun, L., Z. Yang, R. Qin, and C. Wang. 2023a. “Mix design optimization of seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete.” Science China Technological Sciences 66 (2): 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-022-2242-3.
Sun, S., L. Xing, P. Gui, B. Li, H. Li, L. Zhao, and K. Mei. 2023b. “Experimental study on the bond performance of steel–basalt fiber composite bars in concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 27 (2): 04022106. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-3612.
Wang, A., B. Lyu, Z. Zhang, K. Liu, H. Xu, and D. Sun. 2018a. “The development of coral concretes and their upgrading technologies: A critical review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 187: 1004–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.202.
Wang, L., Y. Mao, H. Lv, S. Chen, and W. Li. 2018b. “Bond properties between FRP bars and coral concrete under seawater conditions at 30, 60, and 80°C.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162: 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.058.
Wang, L., N. Shen, M. Zhang, F. Fu, and K. Qian. 2020a. “Bond performance of steel-CFRP bar reinforced coral concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 245: 118456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118456.
Wang, L., Z. Song, J. Yi, J. Li, F. Fu, and K. Qian. 2019. “Experimental studies on bond performance of BFRP bars reinforced coral aggregate concrete.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 13 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0311-2.
Wang, L., J. Zhang, W. Chen, F. Fu, and K. Qian. 2020b. “Short term crack width prediction of CFRP bars reinforced coral concrete.” Eng. Struct. 218: 110829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110829.
Wu, G., Z. Y. Sun, Z. S. Wu, and Y. B. Luo. 2012. “Mechanical properties of steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) and performance of SFCB reinforced concrete structures.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 15 (4): 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.4.625.
Wu, G., Z. S. Wu, Y. B. Luo, Z. Y. Sun, and X. Q. Hu. 2010. “Mechanical properties of steel-FRP composite bar under uniaxial and cyclic tensile loads.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (10): 1056–1066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000110.
Wu, W., R. Wang, C. Zhu, and Q. Meng. 2018. “The effect of fly ash and silica fume on mechanical properties and durability of coral aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 185: 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.097.
Xiao, S. H., Y. J. Cai, Z. H. Xie, Y. C. Guo, Y. Zheng, and J. X. Lin. 2024. “Bond durability between steel-FRP composite bars and concrete under seawater corrosion environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 419: 135456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135456.
Xu, L., X. Wang, J. Pan, J. Zhou, and W. Liu. 2024. “Bond behavior between steel-FRP composite bars and engineered cementitious composites in pullout conditions.” Eng. Struct. 299: 117086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117086.
Yang, S., C. Yang, M. Huang, Y. Liu, J. Jiang, and G. Fan. 2018. “Study on bond performance between FRP bars and seawater coral aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173: 272–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.015.
Yin, S., C. Hu, and X. Liang. 2020. “Bonding properties of different kinds of FRP bars and steel bars with all-coral aggregate seawater concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (10): 04020282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003378.
Yu, H., and J. V. Cox. 2002. “Radial elastic modulus for the interface between FRP reinforcing bars and concrete.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 21 (14): 1285–1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684402021014778.
Yuan, F., Y. Xiong, P. Li, and Y. Wu. 2022. “Flexural behavior of seawater sea-sand coral aggregate concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 26 (6): 04022071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001264.
Zhang, B., B. Benmokrane, and A. Chennouf. 2000. “Prediction of tensile capacity of bond anchorages for FRP tendons.” J. Compos. Constr. 4 (2): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4:2(39).
Zhang, B., and H. Zhu. 2023. “Compressive stress–strain behavior of slag-based alkali-activated seawater coral aggregate concrete after exposure to seawater environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 367: 130294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130294.
Zhang, L., D. Niu, B. Wen, G. Peng, and Z. Sun. 2020. “Corrosion behavior of low alloy steel bars containing Cr and Al in coral concrete for ocean construction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 258: 119564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119564.
Zhao, D., J. Pan, Y. Zhou, L. Sui, and Z. Ye. 2020. “New types of steel-FRP composite bar with round steel bar inner core: Mechanical properties and bonding performances in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 242: 118062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118062.
Zheng, B., W. Li, W. Zhang, and P. He. 2004. “Mechanics behavior of FRP wrapped rebar reinforced concrete (I): Microstructure design and analyses.” [In Chinese.] Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 21 (1): 33–37.
Zheng, Q., and W. Xue. 2008. “Constitutive relationship of bond-slip behavior of sand-coated deformed GFRP rebars.” [In Chinese.] Eng. Mech. 25 (9): 162–169.
Zheng, Z., Y. Du, Z. Chen, S. Li, and J. Niu. 2021. “Experimental and theoretical studies of FRP-steel composite plate under static tensile loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 271: 121501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121501.
Zhou, L., S. Guo, W. Ma, F. Xu, C. Shi, Y. Yi, and D. Zhu. 2022. “Internal curing effect of saturated coral coarse aggregate in high-strength seawater sea sand concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 331: 127280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127280.
Zhou, W., P. Feng, H. Lin, and P. Zhou. 2023. “Bond behavior between GFRP bars and coral aggregate concrete.” Compos. Struct. 306: 116567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116567.
Zhou, Y., Y. Zheng, J. Pan, L. Sui, F. Xing, H. Sun, and P. Li. 2019. “Experimental investigations on corrosion resistance of innovative steel-FRP composite bars using X-ray microcomputed tomography.” Composites, Part B 161: 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.069.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 28 • Issue 6 • December 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 13, 2024
Accepted: Aug 1, 2024
Published online: Sep 18, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 18, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.