Evolution and Prediction of Tensile Properties for Ductile Hybrid FRP Bars in a Simulated Concrete Environment
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27, Issue 4
Abstract
Hybrid fiber–reinforced polymer (HFRP) bars possessing high tensile ductility and excellent corrosion resistance are an attractive alternative to steel bars. However, the effect of long-term embedment of HFRP bars in concrete on the tensile ductility of bars must be investigated. This study exposes a series of ductile carbon/glass-HFRP bars to a simulated ordinary concrete environment for 3 and 6 months. The accelerated aging method was conducted at 60°C to accelerate the diffusion of moisture and hydroxyl ions into the carbon/glass-HFRP bars, which could rapidly aggravate the degradation of the HFRP bars. Moisture absorption tests, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to reveal the degradation mechanisms of the fiber, matrix, and fiber/matrix interfaces in the exposed samples. The tensile ductility of the samples after exposure was lower than that of the samples before exposure. The tensile strength retention of the exposed samples depended on the volume fraction of carbon fibers and the total volume fraction of the fibers, which could be considered in the prediction model of tensile strength retention of the exposed carbon/glass-HFRP bars.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51978629).
References
Abbasi, A., and P. J. Hogg. 2005. “Temperature and environmental effects on glass fiber rebar: Modulus, strength and interfacial bond strength with concrete.” Composites, Part B 36: 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.01.006.
Al-Salloum, Y. A., S. El-Gamal, T. H. Almusallam, S. H. Alsayed, and M. Aqel. 2013. “Effect of harsh environmental conditional on the tensile properties of GFRP bars.” Composites, Part B 45: 835–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.004.
Arczewska, P., M. N. Polak, and A. Penlidis. 2021. “Degradation of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars in concrete environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 293: 123451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123451.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for moisture absorption properties and equilibrium conditioning of polymer matrix composite materials. ASTM D5229/D5229M-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for alkali resistance of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) matrix composite bars used in concrete construction. ASTM D7705/D7705M-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021. Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars. ASTM D7205/D7205M-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bakis, C. E., A. Nanni, J. A. Terosky, and S. W. Koehler. 2001. “Self-monitoring, pseudo-ductile, hybrid FRP reinforcement rods for concrete applications.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 61: 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00184-6.
Benmokrane, B., H. A. Ali, H. M. Mohamed, A. Elsafty, and A. Manalo. 2017. “Laboratory assessment and durability performance of vinyl-ester, polyester, and epoxy glass-FRP bars for concrete structures.” Composites, Part B 114: 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.02.002.
Benmokrane, B., M. Hassan, M. Robert, and A. Manalo. 2020. “Effect of different constituent fiber, resin, and sizing combinations on alkaline resistance of basalt, carbon, and glass FRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (3): 04020010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001009.
Chen, Y., J. F. Davalos, and I. Ray. 2006. “Durability prediction for GFRP reinforcing bars using short-term data of accelerated aging tests.” J. Compos. Constr. 10: 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:4(279).
Chen, Y., J. F. Davalos, I. Ray, and H. Y. Kim. 2007. “Accelerated aging tests for evaluations of durability performance of FRP reinforcing bars for concrete structures.” Compos. Struct. 78: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.08.015.
Davalos, J. F., Y. Chen, and I. Ray. 2011. “Long-term durability prediction models for GFRP bars in concrete environment.” J. Compos. Mater. 46 (16): 1899–1914. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311427777.
Dejke, V. 2002. Durability and service life prediction of GFRP for concrete reinforcement. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers Univ. of Technology.
Fergani, H., M. D. Benedetti, C. M. Oller, C. Lynsdale, and M. Guadagnini. 2018. “Durability and degradation mechanisms of GFRP reinforcement subjected to severe environments and sustained stress.” Constr. Build. Mater. 170: 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.092.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Pang, F. Z. Wen, D. Fang, and J. Y. Tang. 2022c. “Five-stage tensile constitutive model of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer bar.” J. Build. Eng. 58: 105006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105006.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, F. Z. Wen, D. Fang, and Y. Y. Pang. 2022a. “Design method and experiment verification for hybrid fiber reinforced polymer bars with both tensile ductility and different strength grades.” J. Build. Eng. 46: 103723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103723.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, F. Z. Wen, Y. Y. Pang, D. Fang, and M. Y. Lv. 2021. “Transverse shear properties of fiber reinforced polymer bars with different reinforced phases.” J. Compos. Mater. 55 (27): 4063–4078. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983211031630.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, F. Z. Wen, J. Y. Tang, F. Dong, Y. Y. Pang, and Y. M. Yan. 2022b. “Interlaminar shear strength of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer bars: Based on proposed and existing test methods.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 299: 116061.
Gowripalan, N., and H. M. Mohamed. 1998. “Chloride-ion induced corrosion of galvanized and ordinary steel reinforcement in high-performance concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (8): 1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00090-8.
Guerrero, J. M., J. A. Mayugo, J. Costa, and A. Turon. 2018. “A 3D progressive failure model for predicting pseudo-ductility in hybrid unidirectional composite materials under fiber tensile loading.” Composites, Part A 107: 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.02.005.
Guo, X. K., Z. Q. Jin, C. S. Xiong, T. Sun, N. Li, and Y. Yu. 2022. “Deterioration of mechanical properties of basalt/carbon hybrid FRP bars in SWSC under seawater corrosive environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 317: 125979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125979.
Lu, C. H., M. Z. Ni, T. S. Chu, and L. Y. He. 2020. “Comparative investigation on tensile performance of FRP bars after exposure to water, seawater, and alkaline solution.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (7): 04020170. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003243.
Micelli, F., and A. Nanni. 2004. “Durability of FRP rods for concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 18: 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.012.
Morales, C. N., G. Claure, A. R. Emparanza, and A. Nanni. 2021. “Durability of GFRP reinforcing bars in seawater concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 270: 121492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121492.
Pan, Y. F., and D. M. Yan. 2021. “Study on the durability of GFRP bars and carbon/glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) bars aged in alkaline solution.” Compos. Struct. 261: 113285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113285.
Robert, M., and B. Benmokrane. 2013. “Combined effects of saline solution and moist concrete on long-term durability of GFRP reinforcing bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38: 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.021.
Rolland, A., K. Benzarti, M. Quiertant, and S. Chataigner. 2021. “Accelerated aging behavior in alkaline environments of GFRP reinforced bars and their bond with concrete.” Materials 14: 5700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195700.
Sawpan, M. A. 2016. “Effects of alkaline conditioning and temperature on the properties of glass fiber polymer composite rebar.” Polym. Compos. 37 (11): 3181–3190. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23516.
Sawpan, M. A., A. A. Mamun, and P,G Holdsworth. 2014. “Long term durability of pultruded polymer composite rebar in concrete environment.” Mater. Des. 54: 616–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.049.
Shi, C., J. A. Stegemann, and R. J. Caldwell. 1998. “Effect of supplementary cementing materials on the specific conductivity of pore solution and its implications on the rapid chloride permeability test results.” ACI Mater. J. 95 (4): 389–394.
St-Pierre, L., N. J. Martorell, and S. T. Pinho. 2017. “Stress redistribution around clusters of broken fibers in a composite.” Compos. Struct. 168: 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.084.
Wang, Z. K., X. L. Zhao, G. J. Xian, G. Wu, P. K. S. Raman, and S. Al-Saadi. 2017a. “Long-term durability of basalt- and glass-fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in seawater and sea sand concrete environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 139: 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.038.
Wang, Z. K., X. L. Zhao, G. J. Xian, G. Wu, P. K. S. Raman, and S. Al-Saadi. 2017b. “Durability study on interlaminar shear behavior of basalt-, glass-, and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156: 985–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.045.
Won, J. P., and C. G. Park. 2006. “Effect of environmental exposure on the mechanical and bonding properties of hybrid FRP reinforcing bars for concrete structures.” J. Compos. Mater. 40: 1063–1076. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305057362.
Wu, G., Z. Q. Dong, X. Wang, Y. Zhu, and Z. S. Wu. 2015. “Prediction of long-term performance and durability of BFRP bars under the combined effect of sustained load and corrosive solutions.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (3): 04014058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000517.
Wu, W. W., X. J. He, W. R. Yang, L. Dai, Y. G. Wang, and J. He. 2022. “Long-time durability of GFRP bars in the alkaline concrete environment for eight years.” Constr. Build. Mater. 314: 125573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125573.
You, J. Y., Y. H. Park, H. Y. Kim, and J. S. Park. 2007. “Hybrid effect on tensile properties of FRP rods with various material compositions.” Compos. Struct. 80: 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.04.065.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 4 • August 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 31, 2022
Accepted: Mar 3, 2023
Published online: May 3, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.