Combined Effect of Low Temperature and Exposure Time on Seismic Performance of an LRB-Isolated Bridge
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 12
Abstract
This study investigates the modification in the seismic response of a base-isolated bridge that is exposed to low temperatures. The isolation system is assumed to be composed of lead rubber bearings (LRBs). The parameters considered in this study (experimental and analytical) are the temperature (0°C, −10°C, and −20°C) and exposure time (3, 6, and 24 h). In the experimental section, a large-sized LRB was subjected to displacement-controlled cyclic motions once it had been conditioned at the desired low temperatures and exposure times. The recorded force–deformation relationships were used to construct deteriorating hysteretic bilinear representations for each loading condition. Then, in the analytical section, several bidirectional nonlinear response history analyses were conducted using the idealized bilinear representations. In the analyses, two sets of ground motion records that were representative of different seismicity levels were selected and scaled in accordance with the codified procedures. The exposure time is a key parameter that needs to be considered in the estimation of the maximum isolator forces (MIFs) that are transmitted to the bridge piers. For the selected parameters, the MIFs of the analyzed bridge model could increase up to 30% with a trend to increase with the increasing exposure time.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- constant value;
- Accx
- acceleration in x-direction;
- Accy
- acceleration in y-direction;
- AL
- cross-sectional area of lead core;
- B
- constant value;
- D
- maximum isolator displacement;
- Dy
- isolator yield displacement;
- E2
- constant that relates the temperature and yield stress;
- F
- maximum force that acts on the bearing;
- Fx
- isolator force in x-direction;
- Fy
- bearing yield strength;
- I
- unit matrix;
- k2
- postyield stiffness of isolator;
- kd
- postyield stiffness of isolator;
- ke
- initial elastic stiffness of isolator;
- keff
- effective stiffness of isolator;
- n
- number of periods considered in minimizing the error term;
- Q
- characteristic strength of isolator;
- TL
- lead core temperature;
- Ux
- isolator displacements in x-direction;
- Uy
- isolator displacements in y-direction;
- w
- weighting factor;
- Y
- yield displacement of isolator;
- y
- ordinate of geometric mean spectrum;
- yT
- target spectral ordinate;
- Zx
- hysteretic dimensionless quantities in x-direction;
- Zy
- hysteretic dimensionless quantities in y-direction;
- Ω
- signum function;
- ɛ
- sum of the weighted squared errors;
- σYL
- effective yield stress of lead; and
- σYL0
- initial effective yield stress of lead.
References
AASHTO. 1997. Standard specification for plain and laminated elastomeric bridge bearings. AASHTO M251-97. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2000. AASHTO LRFD bridge construction specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2014. Guide specifications for seismic isolation design. 4th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Aghaeidoost, V., and A. H. M. M. Billah. 2022. “Sensitivity of seismic fragility of base-isolated bridges to lead rubber bearing modeling technique.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 29: e2971. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2971.
Alam, M. S., M. A. R. Bhuiyan, and A. H. M. M. Billah. 2012. “Seismic fragility assessment of SMA-bar restrained multi-span continuous highway bridge isolated by different laminated rubber bearings in medium to strong seismic risk zones.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 10: 1885–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9381-8.
ASCE. 2022. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-22. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Avşar, Ö, and G. Özdemir. 2013. “Response of seismic-isolated bridges in relation to intensity measures of ordinary and pulselike ground motions.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (3): 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000340.
Bandini, P. A. C., J. E. Padgett, and P. Paultre. 2019. “Seismic fragility of a highway bridge in Quebec via metamodelling.” In Proc., 12th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Seismology.
Bandini, P. A. C., G. H. Siqueria, J. E. Padgett, and P. Paultre. 2022. “Seismic performance assessment of a retrofitted bridge with natural rubber isolators in cold weather environments using fragility surfaces.” J. Bridge Eng. 27 (6): 04022040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001873.
Billah, A. H. M. M., and B. Todorov. 2019. “Effects of subfreezing temperature on the seismic response of lead rubber bearing isolated bridge.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 126: 105814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105814.
Cardone, D., and G. Gesualdi. 2012. “Experimental evaluation of the mechanical behavior of elastomeric materials for seismic applications at different air temperatures.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 64 (1): 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2012.07.008.
Cavdar, E., G. Ozdemir, and V. Karuk. 2022. “Modification in response of a bridge seismically isolated with lead rubber bearings exposed to low temperature.” Teknik Dergi 33 (5): 12553–12576. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2018. Anti seismic devices. EN 15129. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cho, C. B., I. J. Kwahk, and Y. J. Kim. 2008. “An experimental study for the shear property and the temperature dependency of seismic isolation bearings.” J. Earthquake Eng. Soc. Korea 12 (1): 67–77. https://doi.org/10.5000/EESK.2008.12.1.067.
Choun, Y.-S., J. Park, and I.-K. Choi. 2014. “Effects of mechanical property variability in lead rubber bearings on the response of seismic isolation system for different ground motions.” Nucl. Eng. Technol. 46 (5): 605–618. https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.09.2014.718.
Constantinou, M. C., and M. A. Adnane. 1987. Dynamics of soil-base-isolated structure systems: Evaluation of two models for yielding systems. Rep. No. 4. Philadelphia: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Drexel Univ.
Constantinou, M. C., A. S. Whittaker, Y. Kalpakidis, D. M. Fenz, and G. P. Warn. 2007. Performance of seismic isolation hardware under service and seismic loading. Technical Rep. No. MCEER-07-0012. Buffalo, NY: MCEER: Earthquake Engineering to Extreme Events, University at Buffalo.
Deng, P., Z. Gan, T. Hayashikawa, and T. Matsumoto. 2020. “Seismic response of highway viaducts equipped with lead-rubber bearings under low temperature.” Eng. Struct. 209: 110008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110008.
Dicleli, M., and S. Buddaram. 2006. “Effect of isolator and ground motion characteristics on the performance of seismic-isolated bridges.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (2): 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.522.
Eyre, R., and A. Stevenson. 1991. “Performance of elastomeric bridge bearings at low temperatures.” In Proc., 3rd World Congress on Joint Sealing and Bearing Systems for Concrete Structures, 736–762. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Fuller, K. N. G., J. Gough, and A. G. Thomas. 2004. “The effect of low-temperature crystallization on the mechanical behavior of rubber.” J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 42 (11): 2181–2190. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20091.
Gan, Z., T. Hayashikawa, T. Matsumoto, and X. He. 2015. “Seismic response analysis of base-isolated bridge subjected to long duration earthquake in low temperature environment.” J. Struct. Eng. 61A: 335–343. https://doi.org/10.11532/structcivil.61A.335.
Hasegawa, O., I. Shimoda, and M. Ikenaga. 1997. “Characteristic of lead rubber bearing by temperature.” In Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting architectural institute of Japan, B-2, structures II, structural dynamics nuclear power plants, 511–512. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Jangid, R. S. 2004. “Seismic response of isolated bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 9 (2): 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004)9:2(156).
Imai, T., T. Satoh, T. Nishimura, H. Tanaka, and H. Mitamura 2008. “The performance evaluations of rubber bearings for bridges in cold districts.” Proc. Hokkaido Chap. JSCE A-18.
Kalpakidis, I. V., and M. C. Constantinou. 2009a. “Effects of heating on the behavior of lead-rubber bearings. I: Theory.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (12): 1440–1449. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000072.
Kalpakidis, I. V., and M. C. Constantinou. 2009b. “Effects of heating on the behavior of lead-rubber bearings. II: Verification of theory.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (12): 1450–1461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000071.
Kalpakidis, I. V., M. C. Constantinou, and A. S. Whittaker. 2010. “Modeling strength degradation in lead-rubber bearings under earthquake shaking.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39: 1533–1549. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1039.
Kim, D. K., J. B. Mander, and S. S. Chen. 1996. “Temperature and strain effects on the seismic performance of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 4th World Congress on Joint Sealing and Bearing Systems for Concrete Structures, 309–322. Sacramento, CA: Transportation Research Board.
Kumar, M., A. S. Whittaker, and M. C. Constantinou. 2014. “An advanced numerical model of elastomeric seismic isolation bearings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (13): 1955–1974. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2431.
Li, Y., C. Li, and G.-H. Zhao. 2021. “Seismic isolation design for simply-supported beam bridges based on the energy balance method under near-fault ground motions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 145 (1): 106730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106730.
Matsagar, V. A., and R. S. Jangid. 2004. “Influence of isolator characteristics on the response of base-isolated structures.” Eng. Struct. 26 (12): 1735–1749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.06.011.
Matsagar, V. A., and R. S. Jangid. 2006. “Seismic response of simply supported base-isolated bridge with different isolators.” Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 4 (1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.6703/IJASE.2006.4(1).53.
Mendez-Galindo, C., G. Moor, J. C. Rodriguez-Bahena, J. Nieto-Higuera, B. Bailles, S. Rassy, and C. Sanchez-Pire. 2017. “Dynamic performance of lead rubber bearings at low temperature.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Santiago, Chile: Chilean Association on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (ACHISINA).
Mokha, A. S., M. C. Constantinou, and A. M. Reinhorn. 1993. “Verification of friction model of teflon bearings under triaxial load.” J. Struct. Eng. 119 (1): 240–261. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:1(240).
Murray, R. M., and J. D. Detenber. 1961. “First and second order transitions in neoprene.” Rubber Chem. Technol. 34 (2): 668–685. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3540237.
Naeim, F., and J. M. Kelly. 1999. Design of seismic isolated structures: From theory to practice. New York: Wiley.
Nagarajaiah, S., A. M. Reinhorn, and M. C. Constantinou. 1989. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of three-dimensional base isolated structures (3D-BASIS). Technical Rep. No. NCEER-89-0019. Buffalo, NY: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Nakano, O., H. Nishi, T. Shirono, and K. Kumagai. 1993. “Temperature-dependence of base-isolation bearings.” In Proc., 2nd U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Protective Systems for Bridges, Technical Memorandum No. 3196. Tsukuba Science City, Japan: Public Works Research Institute.
Nassar, M., L. Guizani, M.-J. Nollet, and A. Tahan. 2019. “A probability-based reliability assessment approach of seismic base-isolated bridges in cold regions.” Eng. Struct. 197: 109353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109353.
Nassar, M., L. Guizani, M.-J. Nollet, and A. Tahan. 2022. “Effects of temperature, analysis and modelling uncertainties on the reliability of base-isolated bridges in Eastern Canada.” Structures 37: 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.01.023.
NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2018. “Important Canadian earthquakes, earthquakes Canada.” Accessed July 5, 2023. https://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/historic-historique/map-carte-en.php.
OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation). 2001. Version: 2.1.0. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Ozdemir, G. 2014. “Lead core heating in lead rubber bearings subjected to bidirectional ground motion excitations in various soil types.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (2): 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2343.
Ozdemir, G., O. Avsar, and B. Bayhan. 2011. “Change in response of bridges isolated with LRBs due to lead core heating.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (7): 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.01.012.
Ozdemir, G., B. Bayhan, and P. Gülkan. 2018. “Variations in the hysteretic behavior of LRBs as a function of applied loading.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 67 (1): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.67.1.069.
Ozdemir, G., and M. C. Constantinou. 2010. “Evaluation of equivalent lateral force procedure in estimating seismic isolator displacements.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (10): 1036–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.04.015.
Ozdemir, G., and M. Dicleli. 2012. “Effect of lead core heating on the seismic performance of bridges isolated with LRB in near-fault zones.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (14): 1989–2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2170.
Park, J. Y., K. S. Jang, H. P. Lee, Y. H. Lee, and H. Kim. 2012. “Experimental study on the temperature dependency of full-scale low hardness lead rubber bearing.” J. Comput. Struct. Eng. 25 (6): 533–540. https://doi.org/10.7734/COSEIK.2012.25.6.533.
Park, Y. J., Y. K. Wen, and A. H.-S. Ang. 1986. “Random vibration of hysteretic systems under bi-directional ground motions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 14 (4): 543–557. Accessed August 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290140405.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research) Center. 2014. “Strong motion data base.” https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/.
Pınarbasi, S., U. Akyuz, and G. Ozdemir. 2007. “An experimental study on low temperature behavior of elastomeric bridge bearing.” In Proc., 10th World Conf. on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibrations Control of Structures. Zürich, Switzerland: International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS).
Razzaq, M. K., Y. Okui, A. R. Bhuiyan, A. F. M. S. Amin, H. Mitamura, and T. Imai. 2012. “Application of rheology modeling to natural rubber and lead rubber bearings: A simplified model and low temperature behavior.” J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng., Ser A1 (Struct. Eng. Earthquake Eng.) 68 (3): 526–541. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.68.526.
Robinson, W. H. 1982. “Lead-rubber hysteretic bearings suitable for protecting structures during earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 10 (4): 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290100408.
Robinson, W. H., and A. G. Tucker. 1981. “Test results for lead-rubber bearings for WM. Clayton Building, Toe Toe Bridge and Waiotukupuna Bridge.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 14 (1): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.14.1.21-33.
Roeder, C. W., J. F. Stanton, and T. Feller. 1990. “Low-temperature performance of elastomeric bearings.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 4 (3): 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1990)4:3(113).
Sciascetti, A., and M. Tait. 2019. “Effect of temperature on the response of unbonded fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (11): 04019124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002401.
Siqueira, G. H., A. S. Sanda, P. Paultre, and J. E. Padgett. 2014. “Fragility curves for isolated bridges in eastern Canada using experimental results.” Eng. Struct. 74: 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.053.
Skinner, R. I., W. H. Robinson, and G. H. McVerry. 1993. An introduction to seismic isolation. New York: Wiley.
Stevenson, A. 1986. “The effect of shear and compressive strain on the low temperature crystallization of natural rubber.” Polymer 27: 1211–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(86)90009-1.
Tavares, D. H., J. E. Padgett, and P. Paultre. 2012. “Fragility curves of typical as-built highway bridges in Eastern Canada.” Eng. Struct. 40: 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.019.
TBEC (Türkiye Building Earthquake Code). 2018. Specifications for building design under earthquake effects. Ankara, Türkiye: TBEC.
Tena-Colunga, A., and M. A. Perez-Osornia. 2006. “Design displacements for base isolators considering bidirectional seismic effects.” Earthquake Spectra 22 (3): 803–825. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2216737.
Turkington, D. H., A. J. Carr, N. Cooke, and P. J. Moss. 1989. “Seismic design of bridges on lead-rubber bearings.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (12): 3000–3016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:12(3000).
Turkish State Meteorological Service. 2016–2018. Accessed September 13, 2024. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/.
USGS. 2021. “USGS ANSS comprehensive catalog.” Accessed July 5, 2023. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/doc_aboutdata.php.
Wang, H., W.-Z. Zheng, J. Li, and Y.-Q. Gao. 2019. “Effects of temperature and lead core heating on response of seismically isolated bridges under near-fault excitations.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 22 (14): 2966–2981. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219855914.
Warn, G. P., and A. S. Whittaker. 2006. “Property modification factors for seismically isolated bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 11 (3): 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:3(371).
Wu, Y.-f., H. Wang, J. Li, B. Sha, and A.-q. Li. 2019. “Inelastic displacement spectra and its utilization of DDB design for seismic isolated bridges subjected to near-fault pulse-like ground motions.” Earthquake Spectra 35 (3): 1109–1140. https://doi.org/10.1193/033017EQS056M.
Yakut, A., and J. A. Yura. 2002a. “Parameters influencing performance of elastomeric bearings at low temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (8): 986–994. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:8(986).
Yakut, A., and J. A. Yura. 2002b. “Evaluation of low-temperature test methods for elastomeric bridge bearings.” J. Bridge Eng. 7 (1): 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2002)7:1(50).
Yasar, C., V. Karuk, E. Cavdar, and G. Ozdemir. 2023a. “Variation in mechanical properties of a lead–rubber bearing exposed to low temperature.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 37 (3): 04023012. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCRGEI.CRENG-698.
Yasar, C., V. Karuk, O. Kaplan, E. Cavdar, and G. Ozdemir. 2023b. “Amplification in mechanical properties of a lead rubber bearing for various exposure times to low temperature.” Buildings 13 (2): 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020478.
Zhang, R.-j., and A.-q. Li. 2020. “Experimental study on temperature dependence of mechanical properties of scaled high-performance rubber bearings.” Composites, Part B 190: 107932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107932.
Zhang, R.-j., and A.-q. Li. 2021. “Experimental study on loading-rate dependent behavior of scaled high performance rubber bearings.” Constr. Build. Mater. 279: 122507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122507.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 12 • December 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 13, 2023
Accepted: Jun 20, 2024
Published online: Sep 30, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Mar 1, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.