Damage Detection and Evaluation of Stud Connectors for Composite Girder Bridge Using Acoustic Emission
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 3
Abstract
Stud connectors are widely used as shear keys in steel–concrete composite girder bridges, owing to their advantages of easy processing, quick construction, and excellent connection performance. Stud connectors are buried in concrete; therefore, conventional detection methods cannot effectively and reliably detect damage to them. In this study, an acoustic emission (AE)-based methodology was developed to monitor long-term damage to bridge structures and their key components. Damage to stud connectors during the shear failure process was dynamically monitored using the AE technique. AE signals from the entire stud damage process were collected. Subsequently, the characteristic parameters of AE were extracted. According to the process diagram, association graph, and cumulative chart of each characteristic parameter, we first investigated the distributive regularity for the five characteristic AE parameters (energy, ringing count, amplitude, rise time, and duration) of the stud in the elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic, and fracture failure stages. The correlation diagram of amplitude and frequency was also studied. Subsequently, based on the damage factor theory, a damage model of the stud was established by considering the cumulative values of energy and ringing count as the main parameters. The model was further verified using experimental data. More importantly, this proves the feasibility of the model in the quantitative description of the damage process in studs. This study also provides experimental data and a theoretical basis for the detection and evaluation of stud damage in steel–concrete composite girder bridges.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51508348 and 51778377), the Construction Project of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Collaborative Innovation Community (20547601D), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (Grant Nos. E2017210183 and E2017210191). Their financial support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Behnia, A., H. K. Chai, and T. Shiotani. 2014. “Advanced structural health monitoring of concrete structures with the aid of acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 65: 282–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.103.
Camassa, D., A. Castellano, A. Fraddosio, and M. D. Piccioni. 2020. “A new ultrasonic amplitude tomography approach, with validation on masonry tuff blocks.” J. Nondestr. Eval. 39 (3): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00693-2.
Cao, S. W., C. C. Chen, and Q. L. Liu. 2020. “Damage factor analysis of Q235A steel based on acoustic emission test.” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1626: 012124. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1626/1/012124.
Chai, M. Y., Q. Duan, and Z. X. Zhang. 2015. “Acoustic emission study of fatigue crack propagation in Q345R.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Eng. 37 (12): 1588–1593.
China news. 2012. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2012/12-12/4400679.shtml.
Cody, R., J. Harmouche, and S. Narasimhan. 2018. “Leak detection in water distribution pipes using singular spectrum analysis.” Urban Water J. 15 (7): 636–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1532016.
D’Amato, M., G. Luchin, and G. De Matteis. 2023. “A preliminary study on properties of a weak units-strong mortar masonry: The case study of Matera Tufo Masonry (Italy).” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 17 (7): 1115–1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2021.2015641.
Du, F. Z., S. S. Pan, and D. S. Li. 2018. “Damage evaluation and failure mechanism analysis of steel tube confined reinforced-concrete columns by acoustic emission technology.” Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct. 15 (11): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78255339.
Editorial Department of China. 2021. “Review on China’s bridge engineering research: 2021.” [In Chinese.] J. Highway Transp. 34 (2), 1–97.
García-Martín, J., J. Gómez-Gil, and E. Vázquez-Sánchez. 2011. “Non-destructive techniques based on eddy current testing.” Sensors 11 (3): 2525–2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302525.
Geng, J., Q. Sun, Y. C. Zhang, L. Cao, and W. Zhang 2017. “Studying the dynamic damage failure of concrete based on acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149: 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.054.
Grosse, C. U., H. W. Reinhardt, and F. Finck. 2003. “Signal-based acoustic emission techniques in civil engineering.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (3): 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:3(274).
Hao, R. J., W. X. Lu, and F. L. Chu. 2008. “Review of diagnosis of rolling element bearings defaults by means of acoustic emission technique.” [In Chinese.] J. Vib. Shock 27 (3): 75–79, 181.
Huang, Q. 2017. Design principle of bridge steel–concrete composite structure. Beijing: Communications Press.
Kafle, M. D., S. Fong, and S. Narasimhan. 2022. “Active acoustic leak detection and localization in a plastic pipe using time delay estimation.” Appl. Acoust. 187: 108482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108482.
Kafle, M. D., and S. Narasimhan. 2020. “Active acoustic leak detection in a pressurized PVC pipe.” Urban Water J. 17 (4): 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2020.1771381.
Lee, P. G., C. S. Shim, and S. P. Chang. 2005. “Static and fatigue behavior of large stud shear connectors for steel–concrete composite bridges.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 61 (9): 1270–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.01.007.
Lemaitre, J. 2012. A course on damage mechanics. Berlin: Springer.
Li, D. S., and J. P. Ou. 2008. “Acoustic emission characteristic and damage evolution model of steel strands in tensile test.” J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev. 3 (1): 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHTRCQ.0000228.
Liu, K., and G. De Roeck. 2009. “Damage detection of shear connectors in composite bridges.” Struct. Health Monit. 8 (5): 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921708102087.
Lombillo, I., C. Thomas, L. Villegas, J. P. Fernández-Álvarez, and J. Norambuena-Contreras. 2013. “Mechanical characterization of rubble stone masonry walls using non and minor destructive tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 43: 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.007.
Luchin, G., L. F. Ramos, and M. D’Amato. 2020. “Sonic tomography for masonry walls characterization.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 14 (4): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1554723.
Luo, Y. Z. 2008. “Research on stud shear connector of steel–concrete composite beam.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Central South Univ.
Ma, X., S. Su, W. Wang, and Y. Yang. 2021. “Experimental and theoretical analysis of the correlation between cumulative plastic damage and SMFL of structural steel under low cycle fatigue.” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 538: 168292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168292.
Mei, M. X. 2016. “Application research on damage detection based on acoustic emission technique.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast Univ.
Nobile, R., and A. Saponaro. 2021. “Real-time monitoring of fatigue damage by electrical resistance change method.” Int. J. Fatigue 151: 106404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106404.
Ollgaard, J. G., R. G. Slutter, and J. W. Fisher. 1971. “Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal weight concrete.” AISC Eng. J. 71 (10): 55–34.
Plum, R., and T. Ummenhofer. 2013. “Use of ultrasound excited thermography applied to massive steel components: Emerging crack detection methodology.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (6): 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000355.
Rong, X., A. Xie, P. Zhao, M. Yang, J. Bu, and X. Wei. 2023. “Fatigue performance of composite trough-girders with corrugated-steel-webs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 207: 107974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2023.107974.
Shen, G. T. 2017. “Development status of nondestructive testing and evaluation technique for pressure equipment.” [In Chinese.] J. Mech. Eng. 53 (12): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2017.12.001.
Sheng, G. T. 2008. “Progress of nondestructive testing and evaluation in China.” [In Chinese.] Non-Destructive Test 30 (11): 787–793.
Sohu news. 2021. [In Chinese.] Accessed December 24, 2023. https://www.sohu.com/a/470523580_199710.
Sohu news. 2022. [In Chinese.] Accessed June 25, 2022. https://www.sohu.com/xtopic/TURBd01EUTNNVFF5.
Sun, B., S. H. Ye, and T. F. Qiu. 2023. “Cracking mechanism of corroded reinforced concrete column based on acoustic emission technique.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35: 4.
Wang, C., Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Li, and X. Wei. 2022. “Coupled bending-torsion behaviour of single-box multi-cell curved composite box-girders with corrugated-steel-webs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 196: 107411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107411.
Wang, K., L. W. Tong, J. Zhu, X. L. Zhao, and F. R. Mashiri. 2013. “Fatigue behavior of welded T-joints with a CHS brace and CFCHS chord under axial loading in the brace.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (2): 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000331.
Wang, S. S. 2018. “Research on acoustic emission characteristics of whole failure process of reinforced concrete simply supported beam.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong Univ.
Xiao, L., X. Wei, Z. Wen, and G. Li. 2020. “State-of-the art review of steel–concrete composite bridges in 2019.” [In Chinese.] J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 42 (5): 168–182.
Xu, J., H. Sun, W. Chen, and X. Guo. 2021. “Experiment-based fatigue behaviors and damage detection study of headed shear studs in steel–concrete composite beams.” Appl. Sci. 11 (18): 8297. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188297.
Ye, H. W., R. S. Huang, J. L. Liu, T. Q. Wang, and X. J. Huang. 2021. “Progressive collapse analysis of seongsu bridge in South Korea.” [In Chinese.] World Bridges 49 (5): 87–93.
Yu, S. W., and X. Q. Feng. 1997. Damage mechanics. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Zhang, J., M. Y. Chai, J. H. Xiang, and Q. Duan. 2018. “Fatigue damage evaluation of 316LN stainless steel using acoustic emission monitoring.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Eng. 40 (4): 461–468.
Zhang, L. W., Y. H. Zhao, and Y. F. Fan. 2013. “Damage investigation of corroded concrete under compression by AE test.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 16 (5): 763–769.
Zhu, P. R. 2006. Design principle of steel–concrete composite beam. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Zong, J. X. 2010. “Research on damage identification of reinforced concrete beams based on acoustic emission technology and its numerical analysis.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Transportation, Wuhan Univ. of Technology.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 3 • March 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 6, 2023
Accepted: Nov 2, 2023
Published online: Jan 5, 2024
Published in print: Mar 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jun 5, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.