Investigations on Fluid Flow Properties of Fine-Grained Soil
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 10
Abstract
Infrastructure development over quaternary unlithified, unconsolidated sediments is quite critical and poses geo-hydro-engineering challenges. The challenges are more perceptible near high groundwater table areas and increase with the depth of construction. In this study, long-duration (t ≤ 40 h) permeability experimentation on fine-grained soil sample is conducted under varying confining stress (σ3) and fluid flow pressure (fp) employing a flexible wall permeameter to simulate the behavior of fluid flow under the stress conditions equivalent to a depth of approximately 40 m below the earth's crust. The obtained result indicates a nonlinear relationship between discharge, q (m3/s), and time, t (s), there is a rapid reduction in q up to t (≤16 h), which becomes almost constant after attaining steady-state flow and complete saturation. The q linearly increases with an increase in fp and follows Darcy’s law; however, q significantly decreases with an incremental change in σ3. Further, a nonlinear relationship exists between k and σeff. The percentage variation in qavg with changes in fp (=40–80 kPa and 80–120 kPa) corresponding to σ3 (=200 kPa) is about 50% and 70%. respectively. There is less change (5%) in qavg, corresponding to incremental change in σ3 from 100 to 200 kPa; however, the change is quite significant and rapid (about 28%) on an increase in σ3 from 200 to 300 kPa. Further, slow or negligible change can be observed beyond σ3 (=300 kPa). This research highlights the significance of σ3 over fp on the behavior of fluid flow through fine-grained soil and demarcates the flow boundaries, namely unsteady-state, critical-state, and steady-state flows, specific to unsaturated or partially saturated clayey–sandy–silty soil.
Practical Applications
The research provides quantitative assessment of the behavior of fluid flow through fine-grained soil under varying confining stress and fluid flow pressure conditions, which may be valuable in optimizing the design and construction of any civil or geoengineering projects especially where the depth of construction has significance. The research clearly highlights the flow boundaries, namely unsteady-state, critical-state, and steady-state flow boundaries, specific to unsaturated or partially saturated clayey–sandy–silty soil and provides the relationship among discharge, time, confining stress, and fluid flow pressure, which may assist in developing accurate predictive models to investigate fluid flow through fine-grained soil.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The authors have utilized all data in the form of graphs; further, all data and models that support the findings of this study either are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request or appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, for providing the opportunity to work on this project. The first author is grateful to the Principal, HoD, Department of Civil Engineering, and supervisor for providing the opportunity to take up the research as a part of the M.Tech dissertation and to the staff of the geotechnical engineering lab and colleagues for providing necessary laboratory support during the research tenure. Further, the second author is thankful to the Publication Division and Deputy Director General and HoD, DGCO, Geological Survey of India, Delhi, India, for the scrutiny and permission to submit the research article to the Journal.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- area of the sample (m2);
- bp1
- initial water level in base burette;
- bp2
- change in water level in base burette;
- d
- diameter of the sample (m);
- fp
- flow pressure (in kPa) (pressure head difference between top and base of the sample);
- i
- hydraulic gradient (Δh/l);
- k
- hydraulic conductivity (m/s);
- l
- length of the sample (m);
- Q
- cumulative volume (cc);
- q
- discharge (m3/s);
- qavg
- average discharge (m3/s);
- t
- time (s);
- tp1
- initial water level in top burette;
- tp2
- change in water level in top burette;
- u
- pore-water pressure;
- Δh
- (fp/γw);
- γw
- unit weight of water (9.81 kN/m3);
- μ
- dynamic viscosity of water (8.90 × 10−4 kg/m s at 25°C);
- ρ
- fluid density (997.05 kg/m3 at 25°C);
- σ3
- confining stress (kPa); and
- σeff
- effective stress (kPa).
References
Agus, S. S., E. C. Leong, and H. Rahardjo. 2005. “Estimating permeability functions of Singapore residual soils.” Eng. Geol. 78 (1–2): 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.12.001.
Alzamel, M., S. Haruna, and M. Fall. 2022. “Saturated hydraulic conductivity of bentonite–sand barrier material for nuclear waste repository: Effects of physical, mechanical thermal and chemical factors.” Environ. Earth Sciences 81 (7): 223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10358-0.
ASTM. 2007a. Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils (withdrawn 2016). ASTM D422-63e2. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2007b. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D698-07e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM D4318-10e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487-11. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test methods for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter. ASTM D5084-16a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bandini, P., and S. Sathiskumar. 2009. “Effects of silt content and void ratio on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of sand-silt mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (12): 1976–1980. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000177.
Benson, C. H., and D. E. Daniel. 1990. “Influence of clods on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (8): 1231–1248. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:8(1231).
Benson, C. H., and J. M. Trast. 1995. “Hydraulic conductivity of thirteen compacted clays.” Clays Clay Miner. 43 (6): 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430603.
Blotz, L. R., C. H. Benson, and G. B. Boutwell. 1998. “Estimating optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight for compacted clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (9): 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(907).
Boynton, S. S., and D. E. Daniel. 1985. “Hydraulic conductivity tests on compacted clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (4): 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:4(465).
Brown, G. O. 2002. “Henry Darcy and the making of a law.” Water Resour. Res. 38 (7): 11-1–11-12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000727.
Burmister, Donald M. 1954. Symposium on permeability of soils. Discussion. Principles of permeability testing of soils. ASTM-163. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cao, L. F. 2003. “Soil investigation in land reclamation.” In Proc., 1st World Forum of Chinese Scholars in Geotechnical Engineering, 334–360. Shanghai, China: Tongji University.
Chaney, R. C., K. R. Demars, R. J. Petrov, R. Kerry Rowe, and R. M. Quigley. 1997. “Comparison of laboratory-measured GCL hydraulic conductivity based on three permeameter types.” Geotech. Test. J. 20 (1): 49. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11420J.
Chapuis, R. P. 1990. “Sand–bentonite liners: Predicting permeability from laboratory tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 27 (1): 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-005.
Chapuis, R. P. 2004. “Permeability tests in rigid-wall permeameters: Determining the degree of saturation, its evolution, and its influence on test results.” Geotech. Test. J. 27 (3): 304–313.
Chapuis, R. P. 2012. “Predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils: A review.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 71 (3): 401–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-012-0418-7.
Chapuis, R. P., and M. Aubertin. 2010. “Discussion of ‘influence of relative compaction on the hydraulic conductivity of completely decomposed granite in Hong Kong’ appears in Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46 (10): 1229–1235.” Can. Geotech. J. 47 (6): 704–707. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-035.
Chapuis, R. P., K. Baass, and L. Davenne. 1989. “Granular soils in rigid-wall permeameters: A method for determining the degree of saturation.” Can. Geotech. J. 26 (1): 71–79.
Chen, Z. K., C. W. Chen, V. Kamchoom, and R. Chen. 2020. “Gas permeability and water retention of a repacked silty sand amended with different particle sizes of peanut shell biochar.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 84 (5): 1630–1641. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20130.
Christiansen, J. E., M. Fireman, and L. E. Allison. 1946. “Displacement of soil–air by CO2 for permeability tests.” Soil Sci. 61 (5): 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194605000-00002.
Cui, L.-y., W.-M. Ye, Q. Wang, Y.-G. Chen, B. Chen, and Y.-J. Cui. 2021. “Insights into gas migration behavior in saturated GMZ bentonite under flexible constraint conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 287: 123070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123070.
Dafalla, M., A. A. Shaker, T. Elkady, M. Al-Shamrani, and A. Dhowian. 2015. “Effects of confining pressure and effective stress on hydraulic conductivity of sand–clay mixtures.” Arabian J. Geosci. 8 (11): 9993–10001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-1925-1.
Daniel, D. E., 1994. State-of-the art: Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests for saturated soils conductivity and waste contaminant transport in soil, 30–78. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Dunn, R. J., and J. K. Mitchell. 1984. “Fluid conductivity testing of fine grained soils.” J. Geotech. Eng. 110 (11): 1648–1665. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:11(1648).
Daniel, D. E., D. C. Anderson, and S. S. Boynton. 1985. Fixed-wall versus flexible-wall permeameters. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Das, B. M. 2019. Advanced soil mechanics. 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
de Magistris, F. S., F. Silvestri, and F. Vinale. 1998. “Physical and mechanical properties of a compacted silty sand with low bentonite fraction.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (6): 909–925. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-066.
Dixon, D. A., J. Graham, and M. N. Gray. 1999. “Hydraulic conductivity of clays in confined tests under low hydraulic gradients.” Can. Geotech. J. 36 (5): 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-057.
Dong, Q., B. Niu, H. J. Liao, Y. Q. He, and Q. Dai. 2021. “Effect of confining pressure and time on the permeability of saturated remodeled loess.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 719 (4): 042072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/719/4/042072.
dos Santos, R. A., and E. R. Esquivel. 2018. “Saturated anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lateritic soil.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 10 (5): 986–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.005.
Eakin, W. R. G., and J. Crowther. 1985. “Geotechnical problems on land reclamation sites.” Munic. Eng. (Inst. Civ. Eng.) 2: 233–245.
Elhakim, A. F. 2016. “Estimation of soil permeability.” Alexandria Eng. J. 55 (3): 2631–2638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.07.034.
Evans, J. C., and H. Y. Fang. 1986. “Triaxial equipment for permeability testing with hazardous and toxic permeants.” Geotech. Test. J. 9 (3): 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10618J.
Farooq, K., U. Khalid, and H. Mujtaba. 2016. “Prediction of compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils using consistency limits.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 41 (4): 1319–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1918-0.
Gueddouda, M. K., M. Lamara, N. Abou-bekr, and S. Taibi. 2010. “Hydraulic behaviour of dune sand–bentonite mixtures under confining stress.” Geomech. Eng. 2 (3): 213–227. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2010.2.3.213.
Gui, M., and C. Hsu. 2014. “Coefficient of permeability of lateritic soil.” Geotech. Test. J. 32 (5): 1–10.
Guo, G., and M. Fall. 2021. “Advances in modelling of hydro-mechanical processes in gas migration within saturated bentonite: A state-of-art review.” Eng. Geol. 287: 106123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106123.
Houston, S. L., H. B. Dye, C. E. Zapata, K. D. Walsh, and W. N. Houston. 2011. “Study of expansive soils and residential foundations on expansive soils in Arizona.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil 25 (1): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000077.
Kandalai, S., P. N. Singh, and K. K. Singh. 2018. “Permeability of granular soil employing flexible wall permeameter.” Arabian J. Geosci. 11 (2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3352-y.
Kang, J. B., and C. D. Shackelford. 2009. “Clay membrane testing using a flexible-wall cell under closed-system boundary conditions.” Appl. Clay Sci. 44 (1–2): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.01.006.
Kannangara, D., and R. Sarukkalige. 2011. “Geotechnical assessment of soil permeability in land development areas.” In Proc., 2nd International Conf. on Environmental Engineering and Applications (ICEEA 2011), edited by L. Xuan, 106–110. Shanghai, China: International Association of Computer Science & Information Technology.
Khalid, U., and Z. Rehman. 2018. “Evaluation of compaction parameters of fine-grained soils using standard and modified efforts.” Int. J. Geo-Eng. 9 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-018-0083-1.
Khan, M. I. 2012. “Hydraulic conductivity of moderate and high dense expansive clays.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
Kim, H. 1996. “Anisotropic properties of compacted silty clay.” Master’s thesis, College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio Univ.
Kodikara, J. K., and F. Rahman. 2002. “Effects of specimen consolidation on the laboratory hydraulic conductivity measurement.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (4): 908–923. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-036.
Koerner, G. 2008. “Comparing GCL performance using rigid versus flexible wall permeameters.” In Advances in Geosynthetic Clay Liner Technology: 2nd Symp., edited by R. E. Mackey and K. von Maubeuge, 110–117. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Liu, J. F., F. Skoczylas, and J. Talandier. 2015. “Gas permeability of a compacted Bentonite-sand mixture: coupled effects of water content, dry density, and confining pressure.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (8): 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0371.
Moncada, M. P. H. H., T. M. P. De Campos, G. Steger, T. M. P. De Campos, and G. Steger. 2011. “A flexible wall permeameter for the determination of the water permeability function in unsaturated soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 34 (5): 384–395.
Moses, G., F. O. P. Oriola, and J. O. Afolayan. 2013. “The impact of compactive effort on the long-term hydraulic conductivity of compacted foundry sand treated with bagasse ash and permeated with municipal solid waste landfill leachate.” Front. Geotech. Eng. 2 (1).
Ng, C. W. W., and J. L. Coo. 2015. “Hydraulic conductivity of clay mixed with nanomaterials.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (6): 808–811. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0313.
Ng, K. S., Y. M. Chew, M. H. Osman, and S. K. Mohamad. 2015. “Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Advances in Civil and Environmental Engineering, B1–B8. Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang.
Noor, S., R. Chitra, and M. Gupta. 2011. “Estimation of proctor properties of compacted fine-grained soils from index and physical properties.” Int. J. Earth Sci. Eng. 4 (6): 147–150.
Ogasawara, T., Y. Ishida, T. Ishikawa, T. Aoki, and T. Ogura. 2006. “Helium gas permeability of montmorillonite/epoxy nanocomposites.” Composites, Part A 37 (12): 2236–2240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.02.015.
Pal, S. K., and A. Ghosh. 2013. “Hydraulic conductivity of fly ash-montmorillonite clay mixtures.” Indian Geotech. J. 43 (1): 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-012-0033-3.
Patiño, H., R. Galindo-Aires, and C. Olalla. 2022. “Permeability of materials used in the construction of a tailings dam.” In Proc., 20th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, edited by M. R. Rahman, and M. Jaksa. Sydney, Australia: Australian Geomechanics Society.
Satyanarayanan, M., V. Balaram, M. S. Al Hussin, M. A. R. Al Jemaili, T. G. Rao, R. Mathur, B. Dasaram, and S. L. Ramesh. 2007. “Assessment of groundwater quality in a structurally deformed granitic terrain in Hyderabad, India.” Environ. Monit. Assess. 131 (1–3): 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9461-9.
Selig, E. T., D. E. Daniel, S. J. Trautwein, S. S. Boynton, and D. E. Foreman. 1984. “Permeability testing with flexible-wall permeameters.” Geotech. Test. J. 7 (3): 113. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10487J.
Shafiee, A. 2008. “Permeability of compacted granule–clay mixtures.” Eng. Geol. 97 (3–4): 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.01.002.
Shaker, A. A., M. A. Al-Shamrani, A. A. B. Moghal, and K. V. Vydehi. 2021. “Effect of confining conditions on the hydraulic conductivity behavior of fiber-reinforced lime blended semiarid soil.” Materials 14 (11): 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113120.
Shaker, A. A., and M. Dafalla. 2017. “Effect of state of compaction on the hydraulic conductivity of sand–clay mixtures.” J. GeoEng. 12 (1): 13–19.
Shaker, A. A., M. Dafalla, A. M. Al-Mahbashi, and M. A. Al-Shamrani. 2022. “Predicting hydraulic conductivity for flexible wall conditions using rigid wall permeameter.” Water 14 (3): 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030286.
Shelley, T. L., and D. E. Daniel. 1993. “Effect of gravel on hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil liners.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1): 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:1(54).
Sheoran, V., A. S. Sheoran, and P. Poonia. 2010. “Soil reclamation of abandoned mine land by revegetation: A review.” Int. J. Soil Sediment Water 3 (2): 13.
Simmons, C. T. 2003. “Happy 200th birthday Mr Darcy and our thanks for your law! A tribute editorial celebrating the life and times of the father of our science, Henry Darcy (1803–1858).” Hydrogeol. J. 11 (6): 611–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0301-5.
Singh, K. K., D. N. Singh, and P. G. Ranjith. 2014. “Simulating flow through fractures in a rock mass using analog material.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000295.
Singh, K. K., D. N. Singh, and P. G. Ranjith. 2015. “Laboratory simulation of flow through single fractured granite.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (3): 987–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0630-9.
Singh, K. K., D. N. Singh, and P. G. Ranjith. 2016. “Effect of sample size on the fluid flow through a single fractured granitoid.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 8 (3): 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.12.004.
Sivrikaya, O., E. Togrol, and C. Kayadelen. 2008. “Estimating compaction behavior of fine-grained soils based on compaction energy.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (6): 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-022.
Solberg, R. A. 2018. Modification of existing permeameters to estimate hydraulic conductivity of groundwater in unconsolidated sand in the laboratory. Trondheim, Norway: Petroleum Geoscience and Engineering, IGP Dept. of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Sridhar, G., and R. G. Robinson. 2013. “Flexible wall permeameter to measure the hydraulic conductivity of soils in horizontal direction.” Geotech. Test. J. 36 (3): 20120039. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120039.
Sridharan, A., and H. B. Nagaraj. 2005. “Plastic limit and compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 9 (1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2005.9.1.17.
Srikanth, K., P. N. Singh, and K. K. Singh. 2016. “Investigation on fluid flow behaviour of granular soil.” i-manager’s J. Struct. Eng. 5 (3): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.5.3.8254.
Steiakakis, E., C. Gamvroudis, A. Komodromos, and E. Repouskou. 2012. “Hydraulic conductivity of compacted kaolin-sand specimens under high hydraulic gradients.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 17 F (2015): 783–799.
Subba Rao, K., and S. K. Wadhawan. 1953. “Studies in soil permeability.” Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.– Sect. A 37 (1): 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052860.
Suits, L., T. C. Sheahan, A. Sridharan, and K. Prakash. 2002. “Permeability of two-layer soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 25 (4): 443–448. https://doi.org/DOI. 10.1520/GTJ11293J.
Taha, O. M. E., and M. R. Taha. 2015. “Volume change and hydraulic conductivity of soil–bentonite mixture.” Jordan J. Civ. Eng. 9: 43–58. https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.9.1.2881.
Tong, S., and C. D. Shackelford. 2016. “Standardized hydraulic conductivity testing of compacted sand–bentonite mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J. 39 (6): 20150204. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20150204.
Tripathi, K., and B. V. Viswanadham. 2012. “Evaluation of the permeability behaviour of sand–bentonite mixtures through laboratory tests.” Indian Geotech. J. 42 (4): 267–277.
Umar, S. Y., A. U. Elinwa, and D. S. Matawal. 2015. “Hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil partially replaced with metakaolin.” J. Environ. Earth Sci. 5 (4): 53–65.
Watanabe, Y., S. Yokoyama, M. Shimbashi, Y. Yamamoto, and T. Goto. 2023. “Saturated hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonite–sand mixtures before and after gas migration in artificial seawater.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 15 (1): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.01.015.
Widomski, M., C. Polakowski, and W. Stępniewski. 2015. “Molding water content of clay soils and hydraulic properties of mineral liners of waste landfills.” Ecol. Chem. Eng. A 22 (1): 251–263.
Zhang, X., C. Wu, and S. Liu. 2017. ‘“Characteristic analysis and fractal model of the gas–water relative permeability of coal under different confining pressures.”’ J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 159: 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.09.057.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23 • Issue 10 • October 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 12, 2022
Accepted: Mar 24, 2023
Published online: Jul 17, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 17, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.