The Evaluation of Seafarer Fatigue as a Performance-Shaping Factor in the Maritime HRA Method
Publication: ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 9, Issue 4
Abstract
In maritime studies, seafarer fatigue has been proven to be an important risk factor that affects human performance and leads to human errors. However, in the development of human reliability analysis (HRA) for the maritime industry, few studies have taken into account fatigue as a human performance-shaping factor (PSF) and systematically evaluate seafarer fatigue using HRA methods. In this paper, 52 ship masters and officers from six shipping companies are invited to select 15 leading influential factors as sub-PSFs from the 43 fatigue relevant factors within five categories (general PSFs) published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Next, the potential risk levels of the 15 sub-PSFs are evaluated and prioritized through a new failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) method combining a belief-based Bayesian network (BBN) and an evidence reasoning (ER) algorithm. Finally, an axiomatic analysis is used to verify the robustness and applicability of the new FMEA method within the context of seafarer fatigue evaluation. It is found that the top five sub-PSFs include sleep quality, emotion, non-day shift, shift length, and noise, and it is suggested that these sub-PSFs should be integrated into maritime HRA analysis. The results of this study can not only promote navigation safety but also facilitate the development of fatigue risk management.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the experts from Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. (MOL), Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. (‘K’ LINE), Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK line), Hachiuma Steamship Company Limited, Ocean Network Express Pte. Ltd. (ONE), and ‘K’ Line RoRo Bulk Ship Management Co. Ltd. (KRBS) for their strong support and patient feedback. This study was conducted while Renda Cui was an exchange student at the Maritime Human Factor laboratory of Kobe University, Japan. The study was under the supervision of Prof. Fuchi and assistant Prof. Konishi. Thanks for their rigorous and patient supervision. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52101399), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3132023138). This work was also supported by the EU H2020 ERC Consolidator Grant program (TRUST Grant No. 864724).
References
Ahn, S. I., and R. E. Kurt. 2020. “Application of a CREAM based framework to assess human reliability in emergency response to engine room fires on ships.” Ocean Eng. 216 (Nov): 108078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108078.
Akhtar, M. J., and I. Bouwer Utne. 2015. “Common patterns in aggregated accident analysis charts from human fatigue-related groundings and collisions at sea.” Marit. Policy Manage. 42 (2): 186–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2014.926032.
Akyuz, E. 2016. “Quantitative human error assessment during abandon ship procedures in maritime transportation.” Ocean Eng. 120 (Jul): 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.05.017.
Asuquo, M. P., J. Wang, G. Phylip-Jones, and R. Riahi. 2021. “Condition monitoring of marine and offshore machinery using evidential reasoning techniques.” J. Mar. Eng. Technol. 20 (2): 93–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2019.1573457.
Aydin, M., Ö. Uğurlu, and M. Boran. 2022. “Assessment of human error contribution to maritime pilot transfer operation under HFACS-PV and SLIM approach.” Ocean Eng. 266 (Dec): 112830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112830.
Azimi Yancheshmeh, F., S. H. Mousavizadegan, A. Amini, A. P. Smith, and R. Kazemi. 2020. “Poor sleep quality, long working hours and fatigue in coastal areas: A dangerous combination of silent risk factors for deck officers on oil tankers.” Int. Marit. Health 71 (4): 237–248. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2020.0042.
Bal, E., O. Arslan, and L. Tavacioglu. 2015. “Prioritization of the causal factors of fatigue in seafarers and measurement of fatigue with the application of the Lactate Test.” Saf. Sci. 72 (Feb): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.08.003.
Braarud, P. 2002. “Simulator experiments as empirical basis for performing shaping factors in HRA.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Callesen, F. G., M. Blinkenberg-Thrane, J. R. Taylor, and I. Kozine. 2021. “Container ships: Fire-related risks.” J. Mar. Eng. Technol. 20 (4): 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2019.1571672.
Cao, Y., X. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Fan, H. Wang, Z. Yang, Z. Liu, J. Wang, and R. Shi. 2023. “Analysis of factors affecting the severity of marine accidents using a data-driven Bayesian network.” Ocean Eng. 269 (Feb): 113563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113563.
Celik, M., and S. Cebi. 2009. “Analytical HFACS for investigating human errors in shipping accidents.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 41 (Jan): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.09.004.
Chang, C.-H., C. Kontovas, Q. Yu, and Z. Yang. 2021. “Risk assessment of the operations of maritime autonomous surface ships.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 207 (Mar): 107324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107324.
Chen, S.-T., A. Wall, P. Davies, Z. Yang, J. Wang, and Y.-H. Chou. 2013. “A human and organisational factors (HOFs) analysis method for marine casualties using HFACS-maritime accidents (HFACS-MA).” Saf. Sci. 60 (Dec): 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.06.009.
Cui, R., Z. Liu, X. Wang, Z. Yang, S. Fan, and Y. Shu. 2022. “The impact of marine engine noise exposure on seafarer fatigue: A China case.” Ocean Eng. 266 (Dec): 112943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112943.
de Abreu, D. T. M. P., M. C. Maturana, E. A. López Droguett, and M. R. Martins. 2020. “Human reliability analysis of ship maneuvers in harbor areas.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 142 (6): 061704. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047030.
Dhillon, B. S. 2007. “Human error in shipping.” In Human reliability and error in transportation systems, edited by B. S. Dhillon, 91–103. London: Springer.
EMSA (European Maritime Safety Agency). 2021. Annual overview of marine casualties and incidents 2021, 1–175. Lisbon, Portugal: EMSA.
Fan, S., E. Blanco-Davis, Z. Yang, J. Zhang, and X. Yan. 2020. “Incorporation of human factors into maritime accident analysis using a data-driven Bayesian network.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 203 (Nov): 107070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107070.
Fan, S., E. Blanco-Davis, J. Zhang, A. Bury, J. Warren, Z. Yang, X. Yan, J. Wang, and S. Fairclough. 2021. “The role of the prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity during maritime operations: An fNIRS study.” Brain Behav. 11 (1): e01910. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1910.
Fan, S., and Z. Yang. 2023. “Towards objective human performance measurement for maritime safety: A new psychophysiological data-driven machine learning method.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 233 (May): 109103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109103.
Fan, S., J. Zhang, E. Blanco-Davis, Z. Yang, J. Wang, and X. Yan. 2018. “Effects of seafarers’ emotion on human performance using bridge simulation.” Ocean Eng. 170 (Dec): 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.10.021.
Gander, P., M. van den Berg, and L. Signal. 2008. “Sleep and sleepiness of fishermen on rotating schedules.” Chronobiol. Int. 25 (2–3): 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520802106728.
Gholami, H., B. Asgarian, and S. Asil Gharebaghi. 2020. “Practical approach for reliability-based inspection planning of jacket platforms using Bayesian networks.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 6 (3): 04020029. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0001071.
Grech, M. R. 2016. “Fatigue risk management: A maritime framework.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (2): 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020175.
Huang, D., S. Loughney, and J. Wang. 2023. “Identification of China’s strategic transport passages in the context of the belt and road initiative.” Marit. Policy Manage. 50 (5): 582–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.2017037.
Hystad, S. W., and J. Eid. 2016. “Sleep and fatigue among seafarers: The role of environmental stressors, duration at sea and psychological capital.” Saf. Health Work 7 (4): 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.05.006.
Hystad, S. W., E.-R. Saus, B. Sætrevik, and J. Eid. 2013. “Fatigue in seafarers working in the offshore oil and gas re-supply industry: Effects of safety climate, psychosocial work environment and shift arrangement.” Int. Marit. Health 64 (2): 72–79.
Jung, W., J. Park, Y. Kim, S. Y. Choi, and S. Kim. 2020. “Hurex—A framework of HRA data collection from simulators in nuclear power plants.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 194 (Feb): 106235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.07.036.
Kandemir, C., and M. Celik. 2021. “Determining the error producing conditions in marine engineering maintenance and operations through HFACS-MMO.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 206 (Feb): 107308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107308.
Kandemir, C., and M. Celik. 2023. “A systematic literature review and future insights on maritime and offshore human reliability analysis.” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part M: J. Eng. Marit. Environ. 237 (1): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902221098308.
Kandemir, C., M. Celik, E. Akyuz, and O. Aydin. 2019. “Application of human reliability analysis to repair & maintenance operations on-board ships: The case of HFO purifier overhauling.” Appl. Ocean Res. 88 (Jul): 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.04.019.
Liu, J., M. Aydin, E. Akyuz, O. Arslan, E. Uflaz, R. E. Kurt, and O. Turan. 2021. “Prediction of human–machine interface (HMI) operational errors for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS).” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 27 (Jul): 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-021-00834-w.
Loughney, S., J. Wang, M. Bashir, M. Armin, and Y. Yang. 2021a. “Development and application of a multiple-attribute decision-analysis methodology for site selection of floating offshore wind farms on the UK Continental Shelf.” Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 47 (Oct): 101440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101440.
Loughney, S., J. Wang, D. B. Matellini, and T. T. Nguyen. 2021b. “Utilizing the evidential reasoning approach to determine a suitable wireless sensor network orientation for asset integrity monitoring of an offshore gas turbine driven generator.” Expert Syst. Appl. 185 (Dec): 115583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115583.
Lutzhoft, M., A. Dahlgren, A. Kircher, B. Thorslund, and M. Gillberg. 2010. “Fatigue at sea in Swedish shipping—A field study.” Am. J. Ind. Med. 53 (7): 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20814.
Main, L. C., and T. P. Chambers. 2015. “Factors affecting maritime pilots’ health and well-being: A systematic review.” Int. Marit. Health 66 (4): 220–232. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2015.0043.
Rasmussen, M., and K. Laumann. 2020. “The evaluation of fatigue as a performance shaping factor in the Petro-HRA method.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 194 (Feb): 106187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.06.015.
Rumawas, V., and B. E. Asbjørnslett. 2021. “Human factors in ship design and operation: A preliminary survey of the theoretical construct.” Int. J. Marit. Eng. 158 (A2): A157–A162. https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v158iA2.985.
Sarıalioğlu, S., Ö. Uğurlu, M. Aydın, B. Vardar, and J. Wang. 2020. “A hybrid model for human-factor analysis of engine-room fires on ships: HFACS-PV&FFTA.” Ocean Eng. 217 (Dec): 107992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107992.
Shafiee, M., and I. Animah. 2022. “An integrated FMEA and MCDA based risk management approach to support life extension of subsea facilities in high-pressure–high-temperature (HPHT) conditions.” J. Mar. Eng. Technol. 21 (Jul): 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2020.1827486.
Smith, A. P., P. H. Allen, and E. J. K. Wadsworth. 2006. Seafarer fatigue: The Cardiff research programme. Cardiff, UK: Cardiff Univ.
Tu, M., and J. R. Jepsen. 2016. “Hypertension among Danish seafarers.” Int. Marit. Health 67 (4): 196–204. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2016.0037.
Wan, C., X. Yan, D. Zhang, Z. Qu, and Z. Yang. 2019. “An advanced fuzzy Bayesian-based FMEA approach for assessing maritime supply chain risks.” Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 125 (May): 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.03.011.
Wang, H., Z. Liu, X. Wang, T. Graham, and J. Wang. 2021. “An analysis of factors affecting the severity of marine accidents.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 210 (Jun): 107513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107513.
Wang, X., G. Xia, J. Zhao, J. Wang, Z. Yang, S. Loughney, S. Fang, S. Zhang, Y. Xing, and Z. Liu. 2023. “A novel method for the risk assessment of human evacuation from cruise ships in maritime transportation.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 230 (Feb): 108887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108887.
Wood, M. D., Z. A. Collier, T. S. Bridges, and E. J. Russo Jr. 2018. “Mental models of navigation safety to inform risk management decisions: Case study on the Houston ship channel.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 4 (3): 05018001. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000963.
Wright, K. P., Jr., R. K. Bogan, and J. K. Wyatt. 2013. “Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD).” Sleep Med. Rev. 17 (1): 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.02.002.
Wu, B., X. Yan, Y. Wang, and C. G. Soares. 2017. “An evidential reasoning-based cream to human reliability analysis in maritime accident process.” Risk Anal. 37 (10): 1936–1957. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12757.
Wu, B., T. L. Yip, X. Yan, and C. Guedes Soares. 2022. “Review of techniques and challenges of human and organizational factors analysis in maritime transportation.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 219 (Mar): 108249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.108249.
Xi, Y., S. Hu, Z. Yang, S. Fu, and J. Weng. 2022. “Analysis of safety climate effect on individual safety consciousness creation and safety behaviour improvement in shipping operations.” Marit. Policy Manage. (Apr): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2022.2059718.
Xi, Y. T., Z. L. Yang, Q. G. Fang, W. J. Chen, and J. Wang. 2017. “A new hybrid approach to human error probability quantification–applications in maritime operations.” Ocean Eng. 138 (Jul): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.04.018.
Xie, X., and D. Guo. 2018. “Human factors risk assessment and management: Process safety in engineering.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 113 (Jan): 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.11.018.
Yang, L., T. Bøe, E. Falkenberg, and F. Korbijn. 2018. “Variance of fatigue damage during transportation.” In Proc., of the ASME 2018 37th Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. New York: ASME.
Yang, Z., K. M. Abujaafar, Z. Qu, J. Wang, S. Nazir, and C. Wan. 2019. “Use of evidential reasoning for eliciting Bayesian subjective probabilities in human reliability analysis: A maritime case.” Ocean Eng. 186 (Aug): 106095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.05.077.
Yang, Z., C. Wan, Z. Yang, and Q. Yu. 2021. “Using Bayesian network-based TOPSIS to aid dynamic port state control detention risk control decision.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 213 (Sep): 107784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107784.
Yang, Z. L., S. Bonsall, A. Wall, J. Wang, and M. Usman. 2013a. “A modified CREAM to human reliability quantification in marine engineering.” Ocean Eng. 58 (Jan): 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.11.003.
Yang, Z. L., J. Wang, S. Bonsall, and Q. G. Fang. 2009. “Use of fuzzy evidential reasoning in maritime security assessment.” Risk Anal. 29 (1): 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01158.x.
Yang, Z. L., J. Wang, and K. X. Li. 2013b. “Maritime safety analysis in retrospect.” Marit. Policy Manage. 40 (3): 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2013.782952.
Yildiz, S., Ö. Uğurlu, J. Wang, and S. Loughney. 2021. “Application of the HFACS-PV approach for identification of human and organizational factors (HOFs) influencing marine accidents.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 208 (Apr): 107395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107395.
Yu, Q., K. Liu, C.-H. Chang, and Z. Yang. 2020. “Realising advanced risk assessment of vessel traffic flows near offshore wind farms.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 203 (Nov): 107086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107086.
Yu, Q., K. Liu, Z. Yang, H. Wang, and Z. Yang. 2021a. “Geometrical risk evaluation of the collisions between ships and offshore installations using rule-based Bayesian reasoning.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 210 (Jun): 107474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107474.
Yu, Q., Â. P. Teixeira, K. Liu, H. Rong, and C. G. Soares. 2021b. “An integrated dynamic ship risk model based on Bayesian networks and evidential reasoning.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 216 (Dec): 107993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107993.
Zhao, Z., E. Wadsworth, J. R. Jepsen, and W. M. A. van Leeuwen. 2020. “Comparison of perceived fatigue levels of seafarers and management approaches in fatigue mitigation: Case studies from two Chinese and two European shipping companies.” Mar. Policy 116 (Jun): 103897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103897.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 9 • Issue 4 • December 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 14, 2023
Accepted: Jun 23, 2023
Published online: Aug 23, 2023
Published in print: Dec 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Bayesian analysis
- Business management
- Disaster risk management
- Engineering fundamentals
- Failure analysis
- Fatigue (material)
- Human and behavioral factors
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Network analysis
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Risk management
- Safety
- Statistical analysis (by type)
- System reliability
- Systems engineering
- Systems management
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Bo Wang, Hongbin Xie, Bixian Lyu, Zheng Chen, Deqing Yu, Yuhao Cao, A Novel Integrated Method for the Risk Assessment of Ship-to-Ship LNG Bunkering Operations, ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 10.1061/AJRUA6.RUENG-1153, 10, 1, (2024).
- Guoqing Xia, Xinjian Wang, Yinwei Feng, Yuhao Cao, Zhichao Dai, Huanxin Wang, Zhengjiang Liu, Navigational Risk of Inland Water Transportation: A Case Study in the Songhua River, China, ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 10.1061/AJRUA6.RUENG-1158, 9, 4, (2023).