Hydrodynamics and Associated Scour around a Free-Standing Structure Due to Turbulent Bores
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 5
Abstract
Forensic engineering field surveys conducted in the aftermath of large-scale tsunamis documented the presence of deep local scour holes around structures caused by extreme inundation occurring during such events. The mechanisms leading to scour in extreme flows are still not well understood, as several physical phenomena influencing the spatiotemporal extent of scour have not been adequately investigated. The authors have conducted an experimental test program that has employed a large square column in the Large Wave Flume of the Coastal Research Center, Germany, while they also used a state-of-the-art numerical model (FLOW-3D) to numerically reproduce the experimental results. An investigation of the turbulent flow structures observed around the impacted structure showed that these flow structures are largely responsible for the sediment transport during the runup phase, but the turbulent energy was far less intense during the drawdown phase. The weakness of the turbulent structures observed during drawdown indicates that a different physical phenomenon than the one corresponding to the inflow phase is responsible for the sediment transport experienced during inundation drawdown. Due to the rapid lowering of the flow depth during the drawdown phase of tsunami inundations, a loss of excess pressure occurs because of the upward pressure gradient forming within the soil. However, the pore pressure measurements taken inside the soil in the physical experiment indicate no sign of upward pressure gradient on the inshore side of the column, which is an observation that is incongruent with previous similar studies and previous theoretical concepts. This difference was explained by a layer of soil that remained with a low water content throughout the test because the column was installed on dry sand with low permeability, a condition never tested before for pore pressure change caused by tsunami-like waves.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of: (1) Flow Science for generously helping the authors by providing a full access license to the program FLOW-3D through their research program; (2) the Coastal Research Center, jointly operated by the Leibniz University Hannover and Technische Universität Braunschweig and its team of staff for the experimental work done in their Large Wave Flume; (3) the support of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) is acknowledged through the Discovery Grants held by Ioan Nistor and Abdolmajid Mohammadian; and (4) the support of Volkswagen Foundation (Grant Number 93826, “Beyond Rigidity”) held by Nils Goseberg.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- half of the runup maximum vertical reach;
- b
- column width;
- c
- wave celerity;
- DSM
- particle grain size at model scale;
- DSP
- particle grain size at prototype scale;
- d
- still water depth;
- d50
- median grain size;
- Fr
- Froude number;
- g
- gravitational acceleration;
- H
- wave height;
- h
- flow depth;
- hmax
- maximum flow depth;
- K
- hydraulic conductivity;
- LM
- lengths at model scale;
- LP
- lengths at prototype scale;
- Re
- Reynolds number;
- T
- inundation period;
- t
- time;
- t*
- time zeroed at the instant when the bore collapsed;
- near-bed longitudinal velocity;
- V
- flow velocity;
- Vmax
- maximum depth averaged velocity;
- VM
- velocities at model scale;
- VP
- velocities at prototype scale;
- x
- longitudinal position;
- x*
- longitudinal location with respect with the location of the bore collapse;
- αi
- entrainment coefficient;
- β
- wave number;
- Δ
- numerical domain cell size;
- η
- free surface displacement; and
- θ
- angle of the bed slope.
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Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 5 • September 2022
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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jul 30, 2021
Accepted: Apr 12, 2022
Published online: Jun 24, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 24, 2022
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