Stability of Composite Breakwaters under Tsunami Attack

Acknowledgments

Notation

A

surface area of the armor layer (m²);

A_e

average eroded area (m²);

a, b, c

lengths of longitudinal, lateral, and height axes of concrete blocks (m);

D_n50

cube-equivalent side length of the unit (m);

d

thickness of the armor layer (m);

F_b

ratio of the stabilizing strength of the armor units to the bore depth;

F_n

ratio of the breakwater height over the bore depth (relative breakwater height);

Fr

Froude number;

g

acceleration of gravity (m/s²);

H

reservoir water depth (m);

h_b

breakwater height (m);

h₀

maximum bore depth (m);

L

width of the studied section (m);

m

number of armor units;

N

number of waves;

N_displaced

number of displaced stones/units;

N_e

number of extracted stones;

N_s

stability number;

N_total

total number of stones/units;

n

armor layer bulk porosity;

R_d

damage ratio;

S

damage parameter;

T

tsunami wave period (s);

U

bore tip velocity (m/s);

u

flow velocity (m/s);

V

volume of a single armor unit (m³)

W₅₀

median stone weight (kg);

λ_L

length scale;

λ_T

time scale;

λ_W

weight scale;

(γ_r)_m

unit weight of stones in model (kg/m³);

(γ_r)_p

unit weight of stones in prototype (kg/m³);

(γ_W)_m

unit weight of water in model (kg/m³);

(γ_W)_p

unit weight of water in prototype (kg/m³);

ρ_s

density of the breakwater units (kg/m³);

ρ_w

density of water (kg/m³); and

Δ

relative mass density.

References