Abstract
During the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2012, between the Negros and Cebu islands (Philippines), a scuba diver who was about 12 km from the epicenter zone, in about 10 m water depth, was taking audio and video recordings using a GoPro camera. The recorded audio reveals a specific spectral signature few seconds after the earthquake occurrence that appears to be related to hydroacoustic waves. Numerical reproduction of the phenomenon produced waves exhibit a frequency spectrum similar to that recorded. Several previous researches, based on theoretical and/or numerical approaches, indicate that hydroacoustic waves are tsunami precursors and can significantly improve the Tsunami Early Warning System. Currently, such pressure waves generated by submarine earthquakes are seldom measured. Therefore, the records presented in this paper can enhance the research on the in situ data analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Mr. Riccardo Scultz is the Italian diver who performed, on February 6, 2012, the audio and video recordings analyzed within the present research. The authors are very grateful to Mr. Riccardo and his son, Mr. Giovanni Scultz, who have understood the scientific importance of their recordings and made them available for this work.
References
Abdolali, A., C. Cecioni, G. Bellotti, and J. T. Kirby. 2015a. “Hydro-acoustic and tsunami waves generated by the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake: Modeling and in situ measurements.” J. Geophys. Res. 120 (2): 958–971. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010385.
Abdolali, A., C. Cecioni, G. Bellotti, and P. Sammarco. 2014. “A depth-integrated equation for large scale modeling of tsunami in weakly compressible fluid.” Coast. Eng. Proc. 34 (9). https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v34.currents.9.
Abdolali, A., C. Cecioni, J. T. Kirby, P. Sammarco, G. Bellotti, L. Franco. 2015b. “Numerical modeling of low frequency hydro-acoustic waves generated by submarine tsunamigenic earthquake.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 25th Int. Ocean and Polar Engineering Conf., 725–732. Kona, Hawaii: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Abdolali, A., and J. T. Kirby. 2017. “Role of compressibility on tsunami propagation.” J. Geophys. Res. 122 (12): 9780–9794. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013054.
Abdolali, A., J. T. Kirby, and G. Bellotti. 2015c. “Depth-integrated equation for hydro-acoustic waves with bottom damping.” J. Fluid Mech. 766 (R1). https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.37.
Abdolali, A., J. T. Kirby, G. Bellotti, S. Grilli, and J. C. Harris. 2017. “Hydro-acoustic wave generation during the Tohoku-Oki 2011 earthquake.” In Proc., Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2015: Resilient Coastal Communities, 24–34. Boston: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Aurelio, M. A., J. D. Dianala, K. J. L. Taguibao, L. R. Pastoriza, K. Reyes, R. Sarande, and A. Lucero, Jr. 2016. “Seismotectonics of the 6 February 2012 Mw 6.7 Negros earthquake, central Philippines.” J. Asian Earth Sci. 142 (2017): 93–108.
Bolshakova, A., S. Inoue, S. Kolesov, H. Matsumoto, M. Nosov, and T. Ohmachi. 2011. “Hydroacoustic effects in the 2003 Tokachi-Oki tsunami source.” Russ. J. Earth Sci. 12 (2): ES2005. https://doi.org/10.2205/2011ES000509.
Cecioni, C., A. Abdolali, G. Bellotti, and P. Sammarco. 2015. “Large-scale numerical modeling of hydro-acoustic waves generated by tsunamigenic earthquakes.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 15 (3): 627–636. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-627-2015.
Cecioni, C., G. Bellotti, A. Romano, A. Abdolali, P. Sammarco, and L. Franco. 2014. “Tsunami early warning system based on real-time measurements of hydro-acoustic waves.” Procedia Eng. 70: 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.035.
Chierici, F., L. Pignagnoli, and D. Embriaco. 2010. “Modeling of the hydroacoustic signal and tsunami wave generated by seafloor motion including a porous seabed.” J. Geophys. Res. 115 (C3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005522.
Eyov, E., A. Klar, U. Kadri, and M. Stiassnie. 2013. “Progressive waves in a compressible-ocean with an elastic bottom.” Wave Motion 50 (5): 929–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.003.
Kadri, U., and M. Stiassnie. 2012. “Acoustic-gravity waves interacting with the shelf break.” J. Geophys. Res. 117 (C3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007674.
Kadri, U., and M. Stiassnie. 2013. “A note on the shoaling of acoustic–gravity waves.” WSEAS Trans. Fluid Mech. 8 (2): 43–49.
Miyoshi, H. 1954. “Generation of the tsunami in compressible water (Part I).” J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan. 10 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou1942.10.1.
Nosov, M. A., and S. V. Kolesov. 2007. “Elastic oscillations of water column in the 2003 Tokachi-Oki tsunami source: in situ measurements and 3-D numerical modelling.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7 (2): 243–249. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-243-2007.
Nosov, M. A., S. V. Kolesov, A. V. Denisova, A. B. Alekseev, and B. V. Levin. 2007. “On the near-bottom pressure variations in the region of the 2003 Tokachi-Oki tsunami source.” Oceanology 47 (1): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007010055.
Okada, Y. 1985. “Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75 (4): 1135–1154.
Renzi, E. 2017. “Hydro-acoustic frequencies of the weakly compressible mild-slope equation.” J. Fluid Mech. 812: 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.791.
Sammarco, P., C. Cecioni, G. Bellotti, and A. Abdolali. 2013. “Depth-integrated equation for large-scale modelling of low-frequency hydroacoustic waves.” J. Fluid Mech. 722 (R6). https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.153.
Sells, C. C. L. 1965. “The effect of a sudden change of shape of the bottom of a slightly compressible ocean.” Phil Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 258 (1092): 495–528. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1965.0049.
Sommerfeld, A. 1964. Vol. 4 of Lectures on theoretical physics: Optics. New York: Academic Press.
USGS (US Geological Survey). 2018. Earthquakes. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes.
Yamamoto, T. 1982. “Gravity waves and acoustic waves generated by submarine earthquakes.” Int. J. Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 1 (2): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(82)90016-X.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 4 • July 2018
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 7, 2017
Accepted: Jan 25, 2018
Published online: May 10, 2018
Published in print: Jul 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 10, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.