Fluid Mud Properties in Nautical Depth Estimation
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 2
Abstract
Fluid mud is a non-Newtonian slurry of aggregated fine sediment present in numerous bays, estuaries, and lakes. It is a transitory state of mobile mud whose properties are relevant to the definitions and utility of hydrodynamic, acoustic, and, particularly, nautical depth in navigation channels. For estimation of the nautical depth up to which mud must be removed to keep its resistance against vessel propulsion low, processes underpinning fluid mud transport are briefly reviewed. Data from a coastal harbor are revisited to illustrate the role of shear rheometry as an essential component of the method for nautical depth estimation. Broadening the application to channels laden with organic muck often found in many ports, such as those in the southern United States, will require new data and understanding of the biomechanical properties of organic aggregates. Fluid mud dynamics is integral to such efforts.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Arulanandan, K., Gillogley, E., and Tully, R. (1980). “Development of a quantitative method to predict critical shear stress and rate of erosion of natural undisturbed cohesive soils.” Technical Rep. No. GL-80-5, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Barnes, H. A., Hutton, J. F., and Walters, K. (1989). An introduction to rheology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bruens, A. W. (2003). “Entraining mud suspensions.” Ph.D. thesis, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Casson, M. (1959). “A flow equation for the pigment-oil suspensions of the printing ink type.” Rheology of disperse systems, C. C. Mills, ed., Pergamon, London, 84–104.
Dade, W. B., and Nowell, A. R. M. (1991). “Moving muds in the marine environment.” Proc., of Coastal Sediments’91, N. C. Kraus, K. J. Ginerich, and D. L. Kriebel, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 54–71.
Dasch, W., and Wurpts, R. (2001). “Isoviscs as useful parameters for describing sedimentation.” Terra et Aqua, 82, 3–7.
Foda, M. A., Hunt, J. R., Chou, H.-T. (1993). “A nonlinear model for the fluidization of marine mud by waves.” J. Geophys. Res., 98(C4), 7039–7047.
Gowland, J. E., Mehta, A. J., Stuck, J. D., John, C. V., and Parchure, T. M. (2007). “Organic-rich fine sediments in Florida, Part II: Resuspension in a lake.” Estuarine and coastal fine sediment dynamics, J. P.-Y. Maa, L. P. Sanford, and D. H. Schoellhamer, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 167–188.
Herbich, J., Darby, R., Gordon, W., Krafft, K., and De Hart, D. (1989). “Definition of navigable depth in fine-sediments.” CDS Rep. No. 312, Center for Dredging Studies, Civil Engineering Dept., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Holthuijsen, L. H. (2007). Waves in ocean and coastal waters, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Jaeger, J. M., Sun, M. Y., White, J. R., Hendrickson, J. (2004). “A seasonal time-series study of sediment resuspension in a high-organic-carbon Blackwater estuary, Lower St. Johns River Florida: Implications for estuarine nutrient fluxes.” Eos Transactions of American Geophysical Union, 84(52), OS21D-02.
Jain, M., and Mehta, A. J. (2009). “Role of basic rheological models in determination of wave attenuation over muddy seabeds.” Cont. Shelf Res., 29(3), 642–651.
James, A. E., Williams, D. J. A., and Williams, P. R. (1988). “Small strain, low shear rate rheometry of cohesive sediments.” Physical processes in estuaries, J. Dronkers and W. van Leussen, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 488–500.
Jepsen, R., Roberts, J., and Lick, W. (1997). “Effects of bulk density on sediment erosion rates.” Water Air Soil Pollut., 99(1–4), 21–31.
Jiang, J., and Mehta, A. J. (2002). “Interfacial instabilities at the lutocline in the Jiaojiang estuary, China.” Fine sediment dynamics in the marine environment, J. C. Winterwerp and C. Kranenburg, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 125–137.
Kirby, R. (2007). “Organic-rich fine sediments in Florida, Part I: Sources and nature.” Estuarine and coastal fine sediment dynamics, J. P.-Y. Maa, L. P. Sanford, D. H. Schoellhamer, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 147–166.
Kirby, R., Hobbs, C. H., and Mehta, A. J. (1994). “Shallow stratigraphy of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: A preliminary reconnaissance.” J. Coast. Res., 10(2), 339–350.
Kranenburg, C. (1994). “The fractal structure of cohesive sediment aggregates.” Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 39(5), 451–460.
Kynch, G. J. (1952). “A theory of sedimentation.” Trans. Faraday Soc., 48, 166–176.
Letter, J. V., Jr., and Mehta, A. J. (2011). “A heuristic examination of cohesive sediment bed exchange in turbulent flows.” Coast. Eng., 58(8), 779–789.
Li, Y., and Mehta, A. J. (2001). “Fluid mud in the wave-dominated environment revisited.” Coastal and estuarine fine sediment transport processes, W. H. McAnally and A. J. Mehta, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 79–93.
Liu, K., and Mei, C. C. (1989). “Effects of wave-induced friction on a muddy seabed modeled as a Bingham-plastic fluid.” J. Coast. Res., 5(4), 777–789.
McAnally, W. H., et al. (2007a). “Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays and lakes. I: Present state of understanding on character and behavior.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 9–22.
McAnally, W. H., et al. (2007b). “Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays and lakes. II: Measurement, modeling and management.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 23–38.
Mehta, A., Sheremet, A., Samsami, F., and Khare, Y. (2012). “Suisun Bay waves study.” Rep. Prepared for Dynamic Solutions, Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Mehta, A. J. (1991). “Understanding fluid mud in a dynamic environment.” Geo-Mar. Lett., 11(3–4), 113–118.
Mehta, A. J., et al. (2009). “Resuspension dynamics in Lake Apopka, Florida.” Final Rep. Prepared for St. Johns River Water Management District, Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Mehta, A. J., and Srinivas, R. (1993). “Observations on the entrainment of fluid mud in shear flow.” Nearshore and estuarine cohesive sediment transport, A. J. Mehta, ed., American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 224–246.
Metzger, T. G. (2006). The rheology handbook: For users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers, Vincentz Network, Hannover, Germany.
Migniot, C. (1968). “A study of the physical properties of different very fine sediments and their behavior under hydrodynamic action.” Houille Blanche, 7, 591–620 (in French).
Parker, W. R. (1986). “On the observation of cohesive sediment behavior for engineering purposes.” Chapter 14, Estuarine cohesive sediment dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 270–289.
Parker, W. R. (1994). “Determining depth and navigability in fine sediment areas.” Chapter 42, Coastal, estuarial and harbour engineer’s reference book, M. B. Abbott and W. A. Price, eds., Chapman and Hall, London, 611–614.
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC). (1997). Approach channels, a guide for design. Supplement to Bulletin No. 95, General Secretariat of the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Brussels, Belgium.
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC). (2008). “Minimizing harbor siltation.” Rep. No. 102, Maritime Navigation Commission of the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Brussels, Belgium.
Robillard, D. J. (2009). “A laboratory investigation of mud seabed thickness contributing to wave attenuation.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Sahin, C., Safak, I., Sheremet, A., and Mehta, A. J. (2012). “Observations on cohesive bed reworking by waves: Atchafalaya Shelf, Louisiana.” J. Geophys. Res., 117(C9), C09025.
Samsami, F., Khare, Y. P., and Mehta, A. J. (2012). “Rheometric characterization of the fluid mud forming potential of a bay mud.” Proc., 8th Int. Symp. on Lowland Technology, International Association of Lowland Technology, Saga Univ., Saga, Japan, 917–921.
Schettini, C. A. F., de Almeida, D. C., Siegle, E., and de Alencar, A. C. B. (2010). “A snapshot of suspended sediment and fluid mud occurrence in a mixed-energy embayment, Tijucas Bay, Brazil.” Geo-Mar. Lett., 30(1), 47–62.
Sheng, Y. P., and Villaret, C. (1989). “Modeling the effect of suspended sediment stratification on bottom exchange processes.” J. Geophys. Res., 94(C10), 14429–14444.
Sisko, A. W. (1958). “The flow of lubricating greases.” Ind. Eng. Chem., 50(12), 1789–1792.
So, S., Khare, Y., Park, K., and Mehta, A. (2013). “Critical wind and turbidity rise in a shallow Florida lake.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Physical Coastal Processes, Management and Engineering, G. R. Rodriguez and C. A. Brebbia, eds., Wessex Institute of Technology, Southampton, U.K., 241–252.
Son, M., and Hsu, T.-J. (2011). “The effects of flocculation and bed erodibility on modeling cohesive sediment resuspension.” J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03021.
Teeter, A. M. (1992). “Evaluation of new fluid mud survey system at field site.” Dredging Research Program Technical Note DRP-2-05, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Teeter, A. M. (1994). “Fluid mud survey investigation at the Calcasieu Lake entrance channel, Louisiana.” Dredging Research Program Technical Note DRP-2-08, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
van Leussen, W., and van Velzen, E. (1989). “High concentration suspensions: Their origin and importance in Dutch estuaries and coastal waters.” J. Coast. Res., SI5, 1–22.
van Prooijen, B. C., and Winterwerp, J. C. (2010). “A stochastic formulation for erosion of cohesive sediments.” J. Geophys. Res., 115(C1), C01005.
Vinzon, S. B., and Mehta, A. J. (1998). “Mechanism for formation of lutoclines by waves.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 147–149.
Vinzon, S. B., and Mehta, A. J. (2001). “Boundary layer effects due to suspended sediment in the Amazon estuary.” Coastal and estuarine fine sediment processes, W. H. McAnally and A. J. Mehta, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 359–372.
Winterwerp, J. C. (2001). “Stratification effects by cohesive and noncohesive sediment.” J. Geophys. Res., 106(C10), 22559–22574.
Winterwerp, J. C., and van Kesteren, W. G. M. (2004). Introduction to the physics of cohesive sediment in the marine Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 2 • March 2014
Pages: 210 - 222
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 7, 2013
Accepted: Jul 17, 2013
Published online: Feb 14, 2014
Published in print: Mar 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.