Probabilistic Projection of Mean Sea Level and Coastal Extremes
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 2
Abstract
Fundamental uncertainties governing sea level rise projections are associated with the rate of acceleration in global sea level rise and the local factors affecting relative sea level. Recent models and observations of global ice sheets and their contributions to sea level, as well as climate models, suggest that significant sea level acceleration is imminent, yet observational data from tide gauges and satellites have not yet found rates consistent with some of the projections. To allow coastal planners a way to incorporate the uncertainties of acceleration, a synthesis of observed sea level data with selected distributions of acceleration and the current rate of rise is proposed to provide probabilistic estimates of future sea levels. The resulting distributions can be adopted in a risk-based framework to assess project vulnerability. As geophysical understanding of the climate-forced sea level dynamics improves, the selection and veracity of these distributions and their sea level projections will improve. As a case study, the methodology is demonstrated by application in Key West in southern Florida.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Araujo, I., and Pugh, D. T. (2008). “Sea levels at Newlyn 1915–2005: Analysis of trends for future flooding risks.” J. Coast. Res., 24, 203–212.
Bindoff, N. L., et al. (2007). “Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level.” Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, et al., eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 385–432.
Bromwich, D. H., and Nicolas, J. P. (2010). “Ice-sheet uncertainty.” Nat. Geosci., 3(9), 596–597.
Cazenave, A., and Llovel, W. (2010). “Contemporary sea level rise.” Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 145–173.
Chen, J. L., Wilson, C. R., Blankenship, D., and Tapley, B. D. (2009). “Accelerated Antarctic ice loss from satellite gravity measurements.” Nat. Geosci., 2(12), 859–862.
Church, J. A., and White, N. J. (2006). “A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602.
Church, J. A., Woodworth, P. L., Aarup, T., and Wilson, W. S., eds. (2010). Understanding sea-level rise and variability, Wiley, London.
Coles, S. (2001). An introduction to statistical modeling of extreme values, Springer, London.
Dausman, A., and Langevin, C. (2005). “Movement of the saltwater interface in the Surficial Aquifer System in response to hydrologic stresses and water-management practices.” USGS Scientific Investigations Rep. SIR 2004-5256, USGS, Washington, DC.
Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., and Jevrejeva, S. (2009). “Reconstructing sea level from paleo and projected temperatures 200 to 2100AD.” Climate Dynamics.
Haigh, I., Nicholls, R., and Wells, N. (2010). “Assessing changes in extreme sea levels: Application to the English Channel, 1900–2006.” Cont. Shelf Res., 30(9), 1042–1055.
Horton, R., et al. (2008). “Sea level rise projections for current generation CGCMs based on the semi-empirical method.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02715.
Hunter, J. (2010). “Estimating sea-level extremes under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise.” Clim. Change, 99(3–4), 331–350.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2001). “Climate change 2001: The scientific basis: Contributions of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., and Grinsted, A. (2010). “How will sea level respond to changes in natural and anthropogenic forcings by 2100?” Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07703.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., and Woodworth, P. L. (2008). “Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?” Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08715.
Jiang, Y., Dixon, T. H., and Wdowinski, S. (2010). “Accelerating uplift in the North Atlantic region as an indicator of ice loss.” Nat. Geosci., 3(6), 404–407.
Liu, J. C., Lence, B. J., and Isaacson, M. (2010). “Direct joint probability method for estimating extreme sea Levels.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 136(1), 66–76.
Maul, G. A., and Martin, D. M. (1993). “Sea level rise at Key West, Florida, 1846-1992: America’s longest instrument record?” Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(18), 1955–1958.
McGranahan, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B. (2007). “The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.” Environ. Urban., 19(1), 17–37.
Merrifield, M. A., Merrifield, S. T., and Mitchum, G. T. (2009). “An anomalous recent acceleration of global sea level rise.” J. Clim., 22, 5772–5781.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2011). “Sea levels online, sea level trends.” 〈http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.shtml〉 (May 25, 2011).
National Research Council (NRC). (1987). Responding to changes in sea level: Engineering implications, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nicholls, R., and Cazenave, A. (2010). “Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones.” Science, 328(5985), 1517–1520.
Obeysekera, J., Irizarry, M., Park, J., Barnes, J., and Dessalegne, T. (2010). “Climate change and its implications for water resources management in South Florida.” Stochastic Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 25(4), 495–516.
Park, J., Obeysekera, J., Barnes, J., Irizarry, M., and Park-Said, W. (2010). “Climate links and variability of extreme sea level events at Key West, Pensacola, and Mayport Florida.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 136(6), 350–356.
Peltier, W. R. (1986). “Deglaciation-induced vertical motion of the North American Continent and transient lower mantle rheology.” J. Geophys. Res., 91(B9), 9099–9123.
Peltier, W. R. (1999). “Global sea level rise and glacial isostatic adjustment.” Global Planet. Change, 20(2–3), 93–123.
Peltier, W. R. (2004). “Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 111–149.
Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J. T., and O’Neel, S. (2008). “Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st century sea-level rise.” Science, 321(5894), 1340–1343.
Prandi, P., Cazenave, A., and Becker, M. (2009). “Is coastal mean sea level rising faster than the global mean? A comparison between tide gauges and satellite altimetry over 1993-2007.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(5), L05602.
R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. Vienna, Austria, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rahmstorf, S. (2007). “A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise.” Science, 315, 368–370.
Rahmstorf, S., et al. (2007). “Recent climate observations compared to projections.” Science, 316, 709.
Ranasinghe, R., and Stive, M. (2009). “Rising seas and retreating coastlines.” Clim. Change, 97(3–4), 465–468.
Rignot, E., Velicogna, I., van den Broeke, M. R., Monaghan, A., and Lenaerts, J. (2011). “Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05503.
Titus, J. G., and Narayanan, V. (1995). “The probability of sea level rise.” Rep. EPA 230-R95-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati.
Titus, J. G., et al. (2009). “State and local governments plan for development of most land vulnerable to rising sea level along the US Atlantic coast.” Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 044008.
Tomasin, A., and Pirazozoli, P. A. (2008). “Extreme sea levels in the English Channel: Calibration of the joint probability method.” J. Coast. Res., 24(4C), 1–13.
University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC). (2011). “University of Hawaii Sea Level Center.” 〈http://uhslc.soest.hawaii.edu/〉 (Apr. 21, 2011).
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2009). “Water resource policies and authorities incorporating sea-level change considerations in civil works programs.” Dept. of the Army Engineering Circular No. 1165-2-211, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.
Velicogna, I. (2009). “Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19503.
Vermeer, M., and Rahmstorf, S. (2009). “Global sea level linked to global temperature.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 21527–21532.
Woodworth, P. L., et al. (2009). “Review—Evidence for the accelerations of sea level on multi-decade and century timescales.” Int. J. Climatol, 29(6), 777–789.
Woodworth, P. L., and Blackman, D. L. (2004). “Evidence for systematic changes in extreme high waters since the mid-1970s.” J. Clim., 17(6), 1190–1197.
Zhang, K., Douglas, B. C., and Leatherman, S. P. (2000). “Twentieth-century storm activity along the U.S. East Coast.” J. Clim., 13(10), 1748–1761.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 31, 2011
Accepted: Mar 27, 2012
Published online: Mar 29, 2012
Published in print: Mar 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.