Multiobjective Analysis of Green-Blue Water Uses in a Highly Utilized Basin: Case Study of Pangani Basin, Africa
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 144, Issue 8
Abstract
The concept of integrated water resource management (IWRM) attempts to integrate all elements of water resources. Different tools are developed to assist in developing sound IWRM plans. One such tool is multiobjective analysis using an integrated hydro-economic model (IHEM). However, IHEM mainly deals with the optimization of river flow (blue water) in a river basin. This paper linked a distributed model of green water (landscape water uses) in the upper catchment with mainly blue water uses in the lower catchment of the Pangani Basin. The results show that agricultural water use has the highest water productivity and competes with all other objective functions in the catchment. The generation of firm energy competes with the downstream ecosystem requirements. The integrated study shows that improving rainfed cropping through supplementary irrigation has comparable marginal water values to full-scale irrigation but are much higher compared with hydropower. However, hydropower has more benefits if used in conjunction with the environment. The methodological approach has increased the understanding of trade-offs between green and blue water uses that are highly interdependent in African landscapes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data and the multioptimization model used in this study can be obtained by request to the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
This research was carried out in the framework of the Smallholder Systems Innovations (SSI) on the theme “Upscaling small-scale land and water system innovations in dryland agro-ecosystems for sustainability and livelihood improvements.” The project was funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Development Cooperation (DGIS) through the UNESCO-IHE Partnership Research Fund (UPaRF). We gratefully acknowledge data provided by the Pangani Basin Water Office (Moshi, Tanzania) and the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) (Hale, Tanzania).
References
Aerts, J. C. J. H., M. Kriek, and M. Schepel. 1999. “STREAM (spatial tools for river basins and environment and analysis of management options): ‘Set up and requirements.’” Phys. Chem. Earth Part B 24 (6): 591–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00049-0.
Alleman, L. K., and M. W. Hester. 2011. “Reproductive ecology of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) along the Louisiana coast: Propagule production cycles, dispersal limitations, and establishment elevations.” Estuaries Coasts 34 (5): 1068–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9404-8.
Andersson, R., F. Wanseth, M. Cuellar, and U. Von Mitzlaff. 2006. Pangani falls re-development project in Tanzania. Sida Evaluation 06/09. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
Ansar, A., B. Flyrbjerb, A. Budzier, and D. Lunn. 2014. “Should we build more large dams? The actual cost of hydropower megaproject development.” Energy Policy 69: 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069.
Barron, J., J. Rockström, F. Gichuki, and N. Hatibu. 2003. “Dry spell analysis and maize yields for two semi-arid locations in East Africa.” Agric. For. Meteorol. 117 (1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00037-6.
Cai, X., C. Ringler, and M. Rosegrant. 2006. Modeling water resources management at the basin level: Methodology and application to the Maipo River Basin. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Chu, J., C. Zhang, G. Fu, Y. Li, and H. Zhou. 2015. “Improving multi-objective reservoir operation optimization with sensitivity-informed dimension reduction.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 19 (8): 3557–3570. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3557-2015.
de Fraiture, C., M. Giordano, and Y. Liao. 2008. “Biofuels and implications for agricultural water use: Blue impacts of green energy.” Supplement, Water Policy 10 (S1): 67–81. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.054.
EWURA (Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority). 2012. “Determination of multi-year cost reflective electricity tariff in Tanzania.” Accessed April 18, 2012. http://newsite.ewura.go.tz/attachments/article/65/Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Multi-Year%20Tariffs%20FINAL.pdf.
Falkenmark, M., and J. Rockström. 2006. “The new blue and green water paradigm: Breaking new ground for water resources planning and management.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 132 (3): 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:3(129).
Fu, G., Z. Kapelan, J. R. Kasprzyk, and P. Reed. 2012. “Optimal design of water distribution systems using many-objective visual analytics.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 139 (6): 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000311.
George, B., H. Malano, B. Davidson, P. Hellegers, L. Bharati, and S. Massuel. 2011. “An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies. II: Scenario assessment.” Agric. Water Manage. 98 (5): 747–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.005.
Gourbesville, P. 2008. “Challenges for integrated water resources management.” Phys. Chem. Earth 33 (5): 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.02.002.
Gürlük, S., and F. A. Ward. 2009. “Integrated basin management: Water and food policy options for Turkey.” Ecol. Econ. 68 (10): 2666–2678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.001.
Hermans, L. M., G. E. van Halsema, and H. F. Mahoo. 2006. “Building a mosaic of values to support local water resources management.” Water Policy 8 (5): 415–434. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.051.
Hurford, A. P., and J. J. Harou. 2014. “Balancing ecosystem services with energy and food security assessing trade-offs for reservoir operation and irrigation investment in Kenya’s Tana Basin.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18 (8): 3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3259-2014.
IVO-NORPLAN. 1997. Pangani river training project feasibility study. Moshi, Tanzania: Pangani Basin Water Offcie—Tanzania Electric Supply Company.
Jacobson, R. B., and D. L. Galat. 2008. “Design of a naturalized flow regime—An example from the Lower Missouri River, USA.” Ecohydrology 1 (2): 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.9.
Kasprzyk, J. R., P. M. Reed, B. R. Kirsch, and G. W. Characklis. 2009. “Managing population and drought risks using many-objective water portfolio planning under uncertainty.” Water Resour. Res. 45 (12): W12401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008121.
Kiptala, J. K. 2008. “Intersectoral allocation in the Tana River Basin (Kenya).” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.
Kiptala, J. K. 2016. “Managing basin interdependencies in a heterogeneous highly utilized and data scarce river basin in semi-arid Africa.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education/CRC Press.
Kiptala, J. K., Y. Mohamed, M. Mul, M. J. M. Cheema, and P. van der Zaag. 2013a. “Land use and land cover classification using phenological variability from MODIS vegetation in the Upper Pangani River Basin, Eastern Africa.” Phys. Chem. Earth. 66: 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2013.08.002.
Kiptala, J. K., Y. Mohamed, M. L. Mul, and P. van der Zaag. 2013b. “Mapping evapotranspiration trends using MODIS images and SEBAL model in a data scarce and heterogeneous landscape in Eastern Africa.” Water Resour. Res. 49 (12): 8495–8510. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014240.
Kiptala, J. K., M. L. Mul, Y. Mohamed, and P. van der Zaag. 2014. “Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18 (6): 2287–2303. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2287-2014.
Kollat, J. B., P. M. Reed, and R. M. Maxwell. 2011. “Many-objective groundwater monitoring network design using bias-aware ensemble Kalman filtering, evolutionary optimization, and visual 20 analytics.” Water Resour. Res. 47 (2): W02529. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009194.
Komakech, H. C., P. van der Zaag, and B. van Koppen. 2012. “The last will be first: Water transfers from agriculture to cities in the Pangani river basin, Tanzania.” Water Altern. 5 (3): 700–720.
Konrad, C. P., A. Warner, and J. V. Higgins. 2012. “Evaluating dam re-operation for freshwater conservation in the sustainable rivers project.” River Res. Appl. 28 (6): 777–792. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1524.
Loucks, D., J. Stedinger, and D. Haith. 1981. Water resources systems planning and analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Makurira, H., H. H. G. Savenije, and S. Uhlenbrook. 2010. “Modelling field scale water partitioning using on-site observations in sub-Saharan rainfed agriculture.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (4): 627–638. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-627-2010.
Malley, Z. J. U., M. Taeb, T. Matsumoto, and H. Takeya. 2007. “Environmental change and vulnerability in the Usangu plain, southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable development.” Int. J. Sustainable Dev. World Ecol. 14 (2): 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500709469715.
Marton, D., and Z. Kapelan. 2014. “Risk and reliability analysis of open reservoir water shortages using optimization.” Procedia Eng. 89: 1478–1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.433.
MEM (Ministry of Energy and Minerals). 2013. Power system master plan. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
Moges, S. 2003. “Development and application of hydrological decision support tools for Pangani River Basin in Tanzania.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Univ. of Dar es Salaam.
Molden, D., et al. 2007. “Pathways for increasing agricultural water productivity.” In Water for food, water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture, edited by D. Molden, 279–310. London, UK: Earthscan.
Musharani, E. 2012. “Local benefits and burdens for Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.
Pande, S., B. van den Boom, H. H. G. Savenije, and A. K. Gosain. 2011. “Water valuation at basin scale with application to western India.” Ecol. Econ. 70 (12): 2416–2428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.025.
PBWO/IUCN (Pangani Basin Water Office/International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2007. Pangani River system: State of the basin report. Moshi, Tanzania: PBWO.
PBWO/IUCN (Pangani Basin Water Office/International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2008. “Hydraulic study of Lake Jipe, Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir and Kirua Swamps.” In Pangani River Basin flow assessment. Moshi, Tanzania: PBWO.
PBWO/IUCN (Pangani Basin Water Office/International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. “Hydroelectric power modelling study.” In Pangani River Basin flow assessment. Moshi, Tanzania: Pangani Basin Water Board.
Pingali, P. L. 2012. “Green revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (31): 12302–12308. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912953109.
Postel, S. 1992. Last oasis, facing water scarcity. Worldwatch Environmental Alert Series. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Pulido-Velazquez, M., A. Sahuquillo, and D. Pulido-Velazquez. 2008. “Hydro-economic river basin modelling: The application of a holistic surface-ground water model to assess the opportunity costs of water use in Spain.” Ecol. Econ. 66 (1): 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.016.
Reed, P. M., D. Hadka, J. D. Herman, J. R. Kasprzyk, and J. B. Kollat. 2013. “Evolutionary multi-objective optimization in water resources: The past, present, and future.” Adv. Water Resour. 51: 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.005.
Revelle, C. 1999. Optimization reservoir resources: Including a new model for reservoir reliability. New York, NY: Wiley.
Ringler, C., and X. Cai. 2006. “Valuing fisheries and wetlands using integrated economic hydrologic modelling—Mekong River Basin.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 132 (6): 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:6(480).
Roach, T., Z. Kapelan, R. Ledbetter, and M. Ledbetter. 2016. “Comparison of robust optimization and info-gap methods for water resource management under deep uncertainty.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 142 (9): 04016028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000660.
Rockström, J. 2003. “Water for food and nature in drought-prone tropics: Vapour shift in rain-fed agriculture.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 358 (1440): 1997–2009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1400.
Rood, S. B., G. M. Samuelson, J. H. Braatne, C. R. Gourley, F. M. R. Hughes, and J. M. Mahoney. 2005. “Managing river flows to restore floodplain forests.” Front. Ecol. Environ. 3 (4): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0193:MRFTRF]2.0.CO;2.
Savenije, H. H. G. 2005. Salinity and tides in alluvial estuaries. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Sir William Halcrow & Partners. 1970. “Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir and power station.” Operating and maintenance instructions. London, UK.
Smith, L. E. D. 2004. “Assessment of the contribution of irrigation to poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods.” Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 20 (2): 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062042000206084.
Sotthewes, W. 2008. “Forcing on the salinity distribution in the Pangani Estuary.” M.Sc. thesis. Dept. of Water Management, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Tilmant, A., P. van der Zaag, and P. Fortemps. 2007. “Modelling and analysis of collective management of water resources.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (2): 711–720. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-711-2007.
Turpie, J., Y. Ngaga, and F. Karanja. 2003. “A preliminary economic assessment of water resources of the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania.” In Economic value, incentives for sustainable use and mechanisms for financing management. Nairobi, Kenya: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2010. Africa water atlas. Nairobi, Kenya: Division of Early Warning and Assessment, UNEP.
Vörösmarty, C. J., E. M. Douglas, P. A. Green, and C. Revenga. 2005. “Geospatial indicator of emerging water stress: An application to Africa.” Ambio 34 (3): 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.3.230.
Wallace, S., and S. Fleten. 2003. “Stochastic programming models in energy.” In Vol. 10 of Stochastic programming, handbooks in operations research and management science, edited by A. Ruszczynski and A. Shapiro, 637–677. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Ward, F. A., B. H. Hurd, T. Rahmani, and N. Gollehon. 2006. “Economic impacts of federal policy responses to drought in the Rio Grande Basin.” Water Resour. Res. 42 (3): W03420. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004427.
WCD (World Commission on Dams). 2000. Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making. Rep. of the World Commission on Dams. London, UK: Earthscan.
Wiegand, C. L., A. J. Richardson, D. E. Escobar, and A. H. Gerberman. 1991. “Vegetation indices in crop assessments.” Remote Sens. Environ. 35 (2–3): 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90004-P.
Zadeh, N. A., S. J. Mousavi, E. Jahani, and J. H. Kim. 2016. “Optimal design and operation of hydraulically coupled hydropower reservoirs system.” Procedia Eng. 154: 1393–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.509.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 144 • Issue 8 • August 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 10, 2017
Accepted: Feb 6, 2018
Published online: May 29, 2018
Published in print: Aug 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 29, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.