Chemical Water Stability in Optimal Operation of Water Distribution Systems with Blended Desalinated Water
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 137, Issue 6
Abstract
This work presents a model for the inclusion of chemical water stability in optimizing the operation of water distribution systems. When desalinated water is mixed with surface water and/or groundwater, the blend can become chemically unstable. Such a state can cause the phenomena of “red water,” an increase in corrosion rates, and a reduction in disinfection efficiency. In this study, a methodology is developed that links a genetic algorithm, a hydraulic and water quality extended period simulator, a numerical scheme for computing the calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) [the quantitative measure of the precise thermodynamic potential of a solution to precipitate (or dissolve) ], and the pH of the water. The model minimizes the cost of pumping and treatment subject to quantities, pressures, CCPP, and pH constraints. Two example applications are utilized for demonstrating the methodology capabilities. Although the model provides a new tool for the explicit inclusion of chemical water stability in optimal operation of water distribution systems, it overlooks variations in pump efficiency at operational points, does not constrain the number of pump switches, the minimum pump operation and off times, the durations between pump start and shutoff, and the plant or source capacity. Those limitations should be considered in possible extensions of this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Fund for the Promotion of Research at the Technion and by the Technion Grand Water Research Institute (GWRI).
References
Alid, A. S., and AI-Faraj, T. N. (1994). “Goal programming model for distributing and blending desalinated water.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 120(3), 267–275.
Allen, R. G. (1996). “Relating the Hazen-Williams and Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equations for pressurized irrigation.” Appl. Eng. Agric., 12(6), 685–693.
de Souza, P. F., du Plessis, G. J., and Mackintosh, G. S. (2002). “An evaluation of the suitability of the limestone based sidestream stabilization process for stabilization of waters of the Lesotho highlands scheme.” Water SA special edition: WISA Proceedings 2002, Water Institute of South Africa, Midrand, South Africa, 10–15.
Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning, Addison-Wesley, New York.
Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Imran, S. A., Dietz, J. D., Mutoti, G., Taylor, J. S., Randall, A. A., and Cooper, C. D. (2005). “Red water release in drinking water distribution systems.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 97(9), 93–100.
Imran, S. A., Dietz, J. D., Mutoti, G., Xiao, W., Taylor, J. S., and Desai, V. (2006). “Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 98(5), 107–115.
Imran, S. A., Sadiq, R., and Kleiner, Y. (2009). “Effect of regulations and treatment technologies on water distribution infrastructure.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 101(3), 82–95.
International Desalination and Water Reuse Quarterly. “Total world desalination capacity close to 60 million .” (2009). 〈http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=5121〉 (Feb. 15, 2011).
Lahav, O., and Birnhack, L. (2007). “Quality criteria for desalinated water following post-treatment.” Desalination, 207(1–3), 286–303.
Lahav, O., Salomons, E., and Ostfeld, A. (2009). “Chemical stability of inline blends of desalinated, surface and ground waters: The need for higher alkalinity values in desalinated water.” Desalination, 239(1–3), 334–345.
Loewenthal, R. E., Ekama, G. A., and Marais, G. v. R. (1988). “STASOFT: A user-friendly interactive computer program for softening and stabilization of municipal waters.” Water SA, 14(3), 159–162.
Loewenthal, R. E., Morrison, I., and Wentzel, M. C. (2004). “Control of corrosion and aggression in drinking water systems.” Water Sci. Technol., 49(2), 9–18.
Merrill, D. T., and Sank, R. L. (1977). “Corrosion control by deposition of films: Part I, a practical approach for plant operation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 69(11), 592–599.
Ostfeld, A., Lahav, O., and Salomons, E. (2007). “Desalinated water sources inclusion in optimizing the operation of water systems.” Water management challenges in global change: Proc., Combined Int. Conf. of Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI2007) and Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM), B. Ulanicki, K. Vairavamoorthy, and D. Butler, eds., Taylor & Francis, London, 387–390.
Ostfeld, A., and Salomons, E. (2004). “Optimal operation of multiquality water distribution systems: Unsteady conditions.” Eng. Optim., 36(3), 337–359.
Ostfeld, A., Salomons, E., and Lahav, O. (2010). “Chemical stability inclusion in optimizing the operation of water networks.” Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2010: The 12th Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symp., ASCE, Tucson, AZ.
Ramond, L. D., ed. (1999). Water quality and treatment: A handbook of community water supply, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Salomons, E. (2001). “optiGA.” 〈http://www.optiwater.com〉 (Feb. 15, 2011).
Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V. L., Lytle, D. A., and Kriven, W. M. (2004). “Iron corrosion scales: Model for scale growth, iron release and colored water formation.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(4), 364–373.
Schutte, C. F. (2001). “Quality of domestic water supplies Vol. 3, analysis guide.” Rep. number TT129/00, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
Singley, E. (1981). “The search for a corrosion index.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 73(11), 579–582.
Taylor, J., Tang, Z., Xiao, W., and Hong, S. (2006). “Monitoring of distribution water qualities under various source water blending.” Environ. Monit. Assess., 117(1–3), 59–71.
U.S. EPA. (2008). “EPANET 2.00.12.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html〉 (Feb. 15, 2011).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 137 • Issue 6 • November 2011
Pages: 531 - 541
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 18, 2010
Accepted: May 1, 2011
Published online: May 13, 2011
Published in print: Nov 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.