Abstract
An analytical framework and procedure is proposed in this paper to incorporate pavement skid resistance requirements in asphalt mix design, as part of the overall asphalt pavement design process. The concept is introduced with the aim to overcome the inadequacy of current pavement design procedures, asphalt mix design in particular, in addressing pavement-related highway functional safety requirements. Central to the concept is the use of a theoretically derived finite-element simulation model to generate the skid resistance performance curve (i.e., skid resistance–speed relationship for a given water film thickness) of a pavement surface mix design, based on the input of two skid resistance values measured at different test speeds. Three highway functional safety requirements are addressed, namely the minimum safe terminal skid resistance, the maximum braking distance allowed, and the minimum hydroplaning speed. The proposed framework comprises three main components: (1) a laboratory-accelerated wear and polishing testing of a trial asphalt mix design; (2) estimation of in-service pavement skid resistance from laboratory friction measurements in the component from Step 1; and (3) an analytical simulation component that uses the finite-element model to derive the skid resistance and hydroplaning performance of the mix design, and checks for compliance with the three functional safety requirements. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the steps involved and data required in the application of the proposed procedure. It is believed that the work presented offers a useful step forward toward bridging the gap between pavement design and functional requirements of highways.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2008a). Guide for pavement friction, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2008b). Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide: A manual of practice, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2011). “A policy on geometric design of highways and streets.” Washington, DC.
ADINA R&D. (2005). ADINA theory and modeling guide volume III: ADINA CFD and FSI, Watertown, MA.
ASTM. (2008a). “Standard specification for rib tire for pavement skid-resistance tests.” ASTM E501, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008b). “Standard specification for smooth tire for pavement skid-resistance tests.” ASTM E524-08, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for measuring paved surface frictional properties using the dynamic friction tester.” ASTM E1911-09ae1, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011a). “Standard practice for accelerated polishing of aggregates or pavement surfaces using a small-wheel, circular track polishing machine.” ASTM E660-90, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011b). “Standard test method for skid resistance of paved surfaces using a full-scale tire.” ASTM E274/E274M–11, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013a). “Standard practice for accelerated polishing of aggregates using the British wheel.” ASTM D3319-11, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013b). “Standard test method for measuring surface frictional properties using the British pendulum tester.” ASTM E303-93, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2015). “Standard test method for measuring pavement macrotexture properties using the circular track meter.” ASTM E2157-15, West Conshohocken, PA.
Beale, M. H., Hagan, M. T., and Demuth, H. B. (2015). Neural network toolbox user’s guide, MathWorks, Natick, MA.
BSI (British Standards Institution). (1989). “British standard testing aggregates—Part 114: Method for determination of the polished-stone value.” BS 812, Bristol, U.K.
BSI (British Standards Institution). (2014). “Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Determination of friction after polishing.” BS EN 12697-49, Bristol, U.K.
Erukulla, S. (2011). “Refining a laboratory procedure to characterize change in hot-mix asphalt surface friction.” M.S. thesis, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Feighan, K. (2006). “Pavement skid resistance management.” Handbook of highway engineering, T. F. Fwa, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 21.1–21.32.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2010). “Pavement friction management.”, Washington, DC.
Fwa, T. F., Kumar, S. S., Anupam, K., and Ong, G. P. (2009). “Effectiveness of tire tread patterns in reducing vehicle hydroplaning risk.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2094, 91–102.
Fwa, T. F., and Ong, G. P. (2008). “Wet-pavement hydroplaning risk and skid resistance: Analysis.” J. Transp. Eng., 182–190.
Gallaway, B. M., et al. (1979). “Pavement and geometric design criteria for minimizing hydroplaning.”, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Hall, J. W., Smith, K. L., Titus-Glover, L., Wambold, J. C., Yager, T. J., and Rado, Z. (2009). “Guide for pavement friction.” National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.
Henry, J. J. (1986). “Tire wet-pavement traction measurement: A state-of-the-art review.” The tire pavement interface, M. G. Pottinger and T. J. Yager, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 3–25.
Henry, J. J. (2000). “Evaluation of pavement friction characteristics—A synthesis of highway practice.”, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.
Highways England. (2006). U.K. Design manual for roads and bridges (DMRB), Guildford, U.K.
Huang, Y. H. (2004). Pavement analysis and design, 2nd Ed., Pearson Education, Old Tappan, NJ.
Ibrahim, A. T., and Hall, F. L. (1994). “Effect of adverse weather conditions on speed-flow-occupancy relationships.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1457, 184–191.
Khaswneh, M. A. (2008). “The development and verification of a new accelerated polishing machine.” Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School, Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH.
Kubiak, E. J., Dierstein, P. G., and Jacobson, F. K. (1972). “Modification and calibration of the Illinois skid test system.”, Illinois Dept. of Transportation, Springfield, IL.
Kyte, M., Khatib, Z., Shannon, P., and Kitchener, F. (2001). “The effect of weather on free-flow speed.” 80th TRB Annual Meeting (CD-ROM), Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1–25.
Larson, R. N., and Smith, K. D. (2008). “Relationship between skid resistance numbers measured with ribbed and smooth tire and wet-accident locations.”, Ohio Dept. of Transportation, Columbus, OH.
Lavin, P. (2003). Asphalt pavements: A practical guide to design, production and maintenance for engineers and architects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Leu, M. C., and Henry, J. J. (1978). “Prediction of skid resistance as a function of speed from pavement texture.” Transp. Res. Rec., 666, 7–13.
Liang, R. (2013). “Long term validation of an accelerated polishing test procedure for HMA pavements.”, Ohio Dept. of Transportation, Columbus, OH.
New Zealand Transport Agency. (2010). “Specification for state highway skid resistance management.”, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ong, G. P., and Fwa, T. F. (2007). “Wet-pavement hydroplaning risk and skid resistance: Modeling.” J. Transp. Eng., 590–598.
Ong, G. P., and Fwa, T. F. (2010). “Modeling commercial truck skid resistance on highways.” J. Transp. Eng., 510–517.
Ong, G. P., Fwa, T. F., and Guo, J. (2005). “Modelling hydroplaning and effects of pavement microtexture.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1905, 166–176.
Pasindu, H. R., Fwa, T. F., and Ong, G. P. (2011). “Computation of aircraft braking distances.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2214, 126–135.
Rozaei, A., Masad, E., and Chowdhury, A. (2011). “Development of a model for asphalt pavement skid resistance based on aggregate characteristics and gradation.” J. Transp. Eng., 863–873.
Smith, L., Beckman, R., Anson, D., Nagel, K., and Williams, M. E. (1995). “TRANSIMS: Transportation analysis and simulation system.” 5th National Conf. on Transportation Planning Methods Applications-Volume II: A Compendium of Papers, Seattle.
Speir, R., Puzin, T., Barcena, R., and Desaraju, P. (2009). “Development of friction improvement policies and guidelines for the maryland state highway administration.”, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore.
Subedi, Y. P. (2015). “Evaluation of Louisiana friction rating table by field measurements.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA.
Vollor, T. W., and Hanson, D. I. (2006). “Development of laboratory procedure for measuring friction of HMA mixtures—Phase I.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL.
Yoder, E. J., and Witczak, M. W. (1975). Principles of pavement design, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 30, 2015
Accepted: Mar 11, 2016
Published online: May 18, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 18, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.