Reset to Zero and Specify Active Safety Systems according to Real-World Needs
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 5
Abstract
Emergency brake assist, adaptive cruise control, and alternative instantiations of intelligent vehicle control systems aspire to support the driver in controlling the vehicle and alleviate the incidents that would lead to collisions and injury. This paper resets to zero and based on data from the on-the-spot accident study challenges the capability of active safety systems to aim at the sources of longitudinal control failures. The road user interactions file from 3,024 road accidents in Thames Valley and Nottinghamshire in U.K. was analyzed. Interactions where “failure to stop” or “sudden braking” is the precipitating factor are analyzed and the main contributory factors are identified. Some of those factors are addressed by current and coming technologies—such as low road friction, excessive speed, and close following, but other common ones are significantly neglected—such as distraction, failure to judge other person’s path, failure to look, and “look, but did not see” instances.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The OTS project is funded by the U.K. Department for Transport and the Highways Agency. The project would not be possible without help and ongoing support from many individuals, especially including the Chief Constables of Nottinghamshire and Thames Valley Police Forces and their officers. In addition the writers of this paper would like to thank the staff at Loughborough University and TRL Ltd who have helped to establish and carry out this project. The views expressed in this paper belong to the writers and are not necessarily those of the Department for Transport, Highways Agency, Nottinghamshire Police, or Thames Valley Police.
References
Amditis, A., Kussmann, H., Polychronopoulos, A., Engstrom, J., and Andreone, L. (2006). “System architecture for integrated adaptive HMI solutions.” Proc., 2006 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp., IEEE, New York, 13–18.
Barnes, J. (2006). “An exploratory study of road crash survivors; injury outcomes and quality of life.” Ph.D. thesis, Loughborough Univ.
Barnes, J., and Thomas, P. (2006). “Quality of life outcomes in a hospitalized sample of road users involved in crashes.” Proc., 50th Conf. of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM), Chicago, 253–268.
Blincoe, L. J., Seay, A., Zaloshnja, E., Miller, T., Romano, E., and Luchter, S. (2002). “The economic impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2000.” Rep. No. DOTHS 809446, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.
BOSCH. (2000). BOSCH automotive handbook, H. Bauer, ed., Robert Bosch GmbH., Stuttgart, Germany.
Breakwell, G. M., Hammond, S., and Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Research methods in psychology, 2nd Ed., Sage Publications, London.
Breuer, J. J., Faulhaber, A., Frank, P., and Gleissner, S. (2007). “Real world benefits of brake assistance systems.” Proc., 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conf., NHTSA, Lyon, France.
Broughton, J. (1997). “A new system for recording contributory factors in road accidents.” Proc., Conf. Traffic Safety on Two Continents, VTI Konferens, Lisbon, 9A, Part 5, 53–70.
Carsten, O. M. J., Tight, M. R., Southwell, M. T., and Plows, B. (1989). Urban accidents: Why do they happen, AA Foundation for Road Safety Research, Basingstoke, Hants.
Columbia Accident Investigation Board. (2003). Columbia accident investigation board: Report, R. Godwin, ed., Apogee Books, Burlington, Ont.
“Delphi active safety products for automotive manufacturers.” (2007). ⟨http://delphi.com/manufacturers/auto/safety/active/⟩ (June 12, 2007).
European Commission. (2007). “CARE-road accident database.” ⟨http://ec.europa.eu/transport/roadsafety/road_safety_observatory/care_en.htm⟩ (Mar. 14, 2007).
Evans, L. (2004). Traffic safety, Science Serving Society, Bloomfield Hills, Mich.
“Fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) web-based encyclopedia. data files and procedures to analyse them.” (2005). ⟨http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/⟩ (Nov. 30, 2006).
Fuller, R. (1984). “A conceptualization of driving behaviour as threat avoidance.” Ergonomics, 27(11), 1139.
Gibson, J. J., and Crooks, L. E. (1938). “A theoretical field-analysis of automobile-driving.” Am. J. Psychol., 51, 453–471.
Girard, Y. (1993). “In-depth investigations of accidents: The experience of INRETS at Salon-de Provence.” Safety Evaluation of Traffic Systems, Traffic Conflicts and Other Measures; Proc., Int. Workshop on Theories and Concepts on Traffic Safety (ICTCT), ICTCT, Salzburg, Austria.
Gkikas, N., Hill, J., and Richardson, J. (2008). “Getting back to basics: Using road accident investigation to identify the desirable functionality of longitudinal control systems.” Human factors for assistance and automation, D. de Waard, F. O. Flemisch, B. Lorenz, H. Oberheid, and K. A. Brookhuis, eds. Shaker Publishing, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 203–216.
Gkikas, N., and Richardson, J. (2007). “The impact of conversation on driver distraction.” Contemporary ergonomics 2007, P. D. Bust, ed., Taylor and Francis, London, 115–120.
Godthelp, H., Milgram, P., and Blaauw, G. J. (1984). “The development of a time-related measure to describe driving strategy.” Hum. Factors, 26(3), 257–268.
Hickford, A. J., and Hall, R. D. (2004). “Review of the contributory factors system.” Road Safety Research Rep. No. 43, Department for Transport (DFT), London.
Hill, J. R., Thomas, P. D., Smith, M., and Byard, N. (2006). “The methodology of on the spot accident investigations in the UK.” Enhanced Safety in Vehicles 2001, NHTSA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Hillard, P. J., Logan, D., and Fildes, B. (2005). “The application of systems engineering techniques to the modelling of crash causation.” Driver behaviour and training, L. Dorn, ed., Ashgate, Aldershot, U.K., 407–415.
Hollnagel, E. (2004). Barriers and accident prevention, Ashgate, Aldershot, U.K.
“Honda safety—Active safety.” (2007). ⟨http://corporate.honda.com/safety/details.aspx?id=active_safety⟩ (June 12, 2007).
Kirwan, B. (1994). A guide to practical human reliability assessment, Taylor and Francis, London.
Knipling, R. R., et al. (1993). “Assessment of IVHS countermeasures for collision avoidance: Rear-end crashes.” Rep. No. DOT HS 807 995, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.
Lee, J. D. (2006). “Driving safety.” Reviews of human factors and ergonomics, R. S. Nickerson, ed., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, Calif., 173–218.
Lie, A., Tingvall, C., Krafft, M., and Kullgren, A. (2006). “The effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) in reducing real life crashes and injuries.” Traffic Injury Prevention, 7(1), 38–43.
Ljung, M., Fagerlind, H., Lövsund, P., and Sandin, J. (2007). “Accident investigations for active safety at Chalmers—New demands require new methodologies.” Veh. Syst. Dyn., 45(10), 881.
Muttart, J. W. (2005). “Factors that influence drivers’ response choice decisions in video recorded crashes.” Human factors in driving, telematics, and seating comfort, SAE International, Warrendale, Pa., 33–50.
Neilson, I., and Condon, R. (2000). Desirable improvements in road accident and related data, Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety, London.
Otte, D. (1999). Description of in-depth investigation team ARU/Medical University Hannover No. 1, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Page, Y., Foret-Bruno, J., and Cuny, S. (2007). “Are expected and observed effectiveness of emergency brake assist in preventing road injury accidents consistent?” ⟨http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv19/05-0268-O.pdf⟩ (May 2, 2007).
Preusser, D. F., Williams, A. F., Ferguson, S. A., Ulmer, R. G., and Weinstein, H. B. (1998). “Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections.” Accid. Anal. Prev., 30(2), 151–159.
Reason, J. (1990). Human error, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Senders, J. W., Kristofferson, A. B., Levison, W. H., Dietrich, C. W., and Ward, J. L. (1967). “The attentional demand of automobile driving.” Highw. Res. Rec., 195, 15–33.
Society for Automotive Engineers. (1999). “ESP electronic stability programme.” Driving safety systems, Robert Bosch GmbH., Germany, 206–242.
Thomas, P. (2006). “Crash involvement risks of cars with electronic stability control systems in Great Britain.” International Journal of Vehicle Safety, 1(4), 267–281.
van Winsum, W., Brookhuis, K. A., and de Waard, D. (2000). “A comparison of different ways to approximate time-to-line crossing (TLC) during car driving.” Accid. Anal. Prev., 32(1), 47–56.
van Winsum, W., and Brouwer, W. (1997). “Time headway in car following and operational performance during unexpected braking.” Percept. Mot. Skills, 84(3 PART II), 1247–1257.
van Winsum, W., and Godthelp, H. (1996). “Speed choice and steering behavior in curve driving.” Hum. Factors, 38(3), 434–441.
Van Winsum, W., and Heino, A. (1996). “Choice of time-headway in car-following and the role of time-to-collision information in braking.” Ergonomics, 39(4), 579–592.
Wagenaar, W. A., and Reason, J. T. (1990). “Types and tokens in road accident causation.” Ergonomics, 33(10 & 11), 1365–1375.
Weir, D. H., and McRuer, D. T. (1970). “Dynamics of driver vehicle steering control.” Automatica, 6(1), 87–98.
Weir, D. H., and McRuer, D. T. (1973). “Measurement and interpretation of driver-vehicle system dynamic-response.” Hum. Factors, 15(4), 367–378.
Whittingham, R. B. (2004). The blame machine: Why human error causes accidents, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Mass.
Wilding, P. (2002). The 2002 quality review of road accident injury statistics interim report: Extension of timetable, Department for Transport, London.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 136 • Issue 5 • May 2010
Pages: 465 - 471
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 28, 2008
Accepted: Apr 27, 2009
Published online: Apr 29, 2009
Published in print: May 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.