Experimental Investigation of the Inelastic Cyclic Behavior of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular Beam-Columns with Corrugated Inner Skins and Ultrahigh-Strength Corner Tubes
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental results from nine full-scale concrete-filled double-skin tubular (CFDST) beam-columns. The test specimens exploited two fabrication strategies, featuring either hollow steel inner skins with corrugated geometry or ultrahigh-strength steel corner tubes to enhance the seismic performance of noncompact CFDST beam-columns for potential use in low-to-moderate seismicity regions. The effects of loading sequence, axial load ratio, and cross-sectional geometry were investigated. The experimental results suggested that the current AISC specification may be used to predict the axial strength of composite members with a relatively good accuracy. In the postbuckling range, conventional CFDST beam-columns and those with corrugated inner skins are prone to fracture at the corner welds of the built-up cross section. However, the latter exhibited up to two times larger drift capacities than conventional CFDST counterparts prior to losing axial load carrying capacity. Noncompact beam-columns retrofitted with ultrahigh-strength steel corner tubes exhibited a 4% lateral drift demand without experiencing more than 25% flexural strength loss. The presence of ultrahigh-strength steel increases the plastic hinge length of CFDST beam-columns by up to four times relative to CFDST beam-columns with corrugated inner skin, regardless of the employed loading history.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available in a repository or online in accordance with funder data retention policies. Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study can be publicly accessed from Zenodo data repository or are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research work presented in this paper was supported by the Australian Research Council through a Discovery Project (DP150100442). The steel material was provided by Svenskt Stål AB (SSAB) Corporation, Finland, and the corrugation process was conducted by Metaltex Australia Pty Ltd. The specimens were fabricated at the Civil Engineering Laboratory of Monash University, and the experiments were performed in the Smart Structures Laboratory at Swinburne University. The assistance of the technical staff in these laboratories is appreciated. Partial funding was also provided by EPFL for the visit of the first author in RESSLab at EPFL.
References
AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan). 1997. Recommendations for design and construction of concrete filled steel tubular structures. Tokyo: AIJ.
AISC. 2016a. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341-16. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016b. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
ASCE. 2017. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. ASCE/SEI 41-17. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Cravero, J., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of wide-flange steel columns subjected to constant and variable axial load coupled with lateral drift demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (3): 04019222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002499.
Denavit, M. D., and J. F. Hajjar. 2014. Characterization of behavior of steel-concrete composite members and frames with application for design. Newmark structural laboratory report series. Urbana, IL: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Denavit, M. D., J. F. Hajjar, R. T. Leon, and T. Perea. 2015. “Advanced analysis and seismic design of concrete-filled steel tube structures.” In Proc., Structures Congress, 972–983. Chicago: AISC.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018. “Full-scale testing of deep wide-flange steel columns under multiaxis cyclic loading: Loading sequence, boundary effects, and lateral stability bracing force demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (2): 04017189. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001937.
Farahi, M., and S. Erfani. 2017. “Developing representative dual loading protocols for the columns of steel special moment frames based on the seismic demands on these members.” J. Earthquake Eng. 21 (8): 1283–1304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1211564.
Farahi, M., A. Heidarpour, X.-L. Zhao, and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2016. “Compressive behaviour of concrete-filled double-skin sections consisting of corrugated plates.” Eng. Struct. 111 (Mar): 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.012.
Farahi, M., A. Heidarpour, X.-L. Zhao, and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2017. “Effect of ultra-high strength steel on mitigation of non-ductile yielding of concrete-filled double-skin columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 147 (Aug): 736–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.189.
FEMA. 2007. Interim testing protocols for determining the seismic performance characteristics of structural and nonstructural components. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors, 695. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Han, L.-H., H. Huang, Z. Tao, and X.-L. Zhao. 2006. “Concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) beam–columns subjected to cyclic bending.” Eng. Struct. 28 (12): 1698–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.004.
Han, L.-H., Y.-J. Li, and F.-Y. Liao. 2011. “Concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) columns subjected to long-term sustained loading.” Thin-Walled Struct. 49 (12): 1534–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.08.001.
Han, L.-H., Z. Tao, H. Huang, and X.-L. Zhao. 2004. “Concrete-filled double skin (SHS outer and CHS inner) steel tubular beam-columns.” Thin-Walled Struct. 42 (9): 1329–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2004.03.017.
Han, L.-H., G.-H. Yao, and X.-L. Zhao. 2005. “Tests and calculations for hollow structural steel (HSS) stub columns filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC).” J. Constr. Steel Res. 61 (9): 1241–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.01.004.
Hashemi, M. J., R. Al-Mahaidi, R. Kalfat, and G. Burnett. 2015. “Development and validation of multi-axis substructure testing system for full-scale experiments.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 16 (4): 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2015.1092692.
Hsiao, P.-C., H. K. Kazuhiro, R. Nishi, X.-C. Lin, and M. Nakashima. 2015. “Investigation of concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular columns with ultrahigh-strength steel.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (7): 04014166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001126.
Ichinohe, Y., T. Matsutani, M. Nakajima, H. Ueda, and K. Takada. 1991. “Elasto-plastic behavior of concrete filled steel circular columns.” In Proc., Third Int. Conf. on Steel-Concrete Composite Structure, edited by M. Wakabayashi, 131–136. Fukuoka, Japan: Association for International Cooperation and Research in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures.
Imani, R., G. Mosqueda, and M. Bruneau. 2015. “Finite element simulation of concrete-filled double-skin tube columns subjected to postearthquake fires.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (12): 04015055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001301.
Inai, E., A. Mukai, M. Kai, H. Tokinoya, T. Fukumoto, and K. Mori. 2004. “Behavior of concrete-filled steel tube beam columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (2): 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(189).
Javidan, F., A. Heidarpour, X.-L. Zhao, and J. Minkkinen. 2016. “Application of high strength and ultra-high strength steel tubes in long hybrid compressive members: Experimental and numerical investigation.” Thin-Walled Struct. 102 (May): 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.02.002.
Lai, Z., A. H. Varma, and L. G. Griffis. 2016. “Analysis and design of noncompact and slender CFT beam-columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (1): 04015097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001349.
Liao, F.-Y., L.-H. Han, Z. Tao, and K. J. R. Rasmussen. 2017. “Experimental behavior of concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns under cyclic lateral loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (4): 04016219. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001705.
Lignos, D. G., A. R. Hartloper, A. Elkady, G. Deierlein, and R. Hamburger. 2019. “Proposed updates to the ASCE 41 nonlinear modeling parameters for wide-flange steel columns in support of performance-based seismic engineering.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (9): 04019083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002353.
Lignos, D. G., H. Krawinkler, and A. S. Whittaker. 2011. “Prediction and validation of sidesway collapse of two scale models of a 4-story steel moment frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 40 (7): 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1061.
Macrae, G. A., A. J. Carr, and W. R. Walpole. 1990. The seismic response of steel frames. Rep. No. 90-6. Canterbury, New Zealand: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Maison, B. F., and M. S. Speicher. 2016. “Loading protocols for ASCE 41 backbone curves.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (4): 2513–2532. https://doi.org/10.1193/010816EQS007EP.
Nassirnia, M., A. Heidarpour, X.-L. Zhao, and J. Minkkinen. 2016. “Innovative hollow columns comprising corrugated plates and ultra high-strength steel tubes.” Thin-Walled Struct. 101 (Apr): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.12.020.
Ozkula, G., J. Harris, and C.-M. Uang. 2017. “Observations from cyclic tests on deep, wide- beam-column columns.” AISC Eng. J. 54 (1): 45–61.
Pagoulatou, M., T. Sheehan, X. H. Dai, and D. Lam. 2014. “Finite element analysis on the capacity of circular concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) stub columns.” Eng. Struct. 72 (Aug): 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.039.
Perea, T., R. T. Leon, J. F. Hajjar, and M. D. Denavit. 2013. “Full-scale tests of slender concrete-filled tubes: Axial behavior.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (7): 1249–1262. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000784.
Perea, T., R. T. Leon, J. F. Hajjar, and M. D. Denavit. 2014. “Full-scale tests of slender concrete-filled tubes: Interaction behavior.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (9): 04014054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000949.
Richards, P. W., and C.-M. Uang. 2006. “Testing protocol for short links in eccentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (8): 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:8(1183).
Skalomenos, K. A., K. Hayashi, R. Nishi, H. Inamasu, and M. Nakashima. 2016. “Experimental behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns using ultrahigh-strength steel.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (9): 04016057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001513.
Standards Australia 2014. Methods of testing concrete Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory. AS 1012.2:2014. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Development of collapse-consistent loading protocols for experimental testing of steel columns.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (2): 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3225.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2021. “Experimental evaluation of steel columns under seismic hazard-consistent collapse loading protocols.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04021020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002963.
Swinburne Smart Structures Laboratory. 2022. “Swinburne University of Technology.” Accessed July 20, 2022. https://www.swinburne.edu.au/research/facilities-equipment/smart-structures-laboratory/.
Tao, Z., and L.-H. Han. 2006. “Behaviour of concrete-filled double skin rectangular steel tubular beam–columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 62 (7): 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.11.008.
Tapia-Hernández, E., and J. S. García-Carrera. 2020. “Damage assessment and seismic behavior of steel buildings during the Mexico earthquake of 19 September 2017.” Earthquake Spectra. 36 (1): 250–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878186.
Tomii, M., and K. Sakino. 1979. “Experimental studies on the ultimate moment of concrete filled square steel tubular beam-columns.” Trans. Archit. Inst. Jpn 275 (Jan): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.275.0_55.
Varma, A. H., J. M. Ricles, R. Sause, and L.-W. Lu. 2002. “Experimental behavior of high strength square concrete-filled steel tube beam-columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (3): 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:3(309).
Zhao, X.-L., and R. Grzebieta. 2002. “Strength and ductility of concrete filled double skin (shs inner and shs outer) tubes.” Thin-Walled Struct. 40 (2): 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(01)00060-X.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 30, 2022
Accepted: Jun 22, 2022
Published online: Sep 16, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 16, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- M. Javad Hashemi, Hamidreza A. Yazdi, Amin Heidarpour, Riadh Al-Mahaidi, Seismic Performance Assessment of Built-Up High-Strength Steel Tubular Columns through Multiaxis Cyclic and Hybrid Simulation, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12847, 150, 7, (2024).