Abstract
This paper proposes a novel embedded column base (ECB) connection that defies the current paradigm in capacity-designed steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) where column bases have been traditionally considered as nondissipative. In the proposed concept, a dissipative zone is introduced as part of the embedded portion of the steel column. This zone features a reduced cross section and is decoupled from the concrete footing with a debonding material layer. The surrounding concrete effectively restrains the embedded section against nonlinear geometric instabilities, thereby retaining simplicity in the design process. Large-scale experiments suggest that, contrary to its conventional counterpart, the proposed dissipative ECB connection exhibits a stable hysteretic response until large lateral drift demands (i.e., 7% rad). It is also demonstrated that the dissipative ECB connection is resilient to local buckling-induced axial shortening, such that it lowers the repairability needs of slender wide-flange steel columns after earthquakes. Column twisting is also minimized throughout the loading history. The results indicate that both the elastic stiffness and flexural yield strength of the proposed ECB connection can be analytically derived for potential use in engineering design. It is found that a simple nondegrading bilinear model suffices to describe the hysteretic response of the proposed ECBs for performance-based assessment of steel MRFs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated of used during the study are available in a repository online in accordance with funder data retention policies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244684).
Acknowledgments
This study is based on work supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Award No. 200021_169248). The financial support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to sincerely thank the personnel of the structural laboratory GIS in EPFL (Mr. Gérald Rouge and Mr. Gilles Guignet), Mr. Nitesh Karmacharya (former visiting engineer of EPFL), Mr. Elias Merhi (Master’s student of EPFL), Mr. Cesar Ramirez (former summer student at EPFL from the University of Texas at El Paso) as well as EPFL Ph.D. students Mr. Andronikos Skiadopoulos and Mr. Hammad El Jisr for their invaluable assistance in preparing and conducting the experiment series. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of sponsors.
References
AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan). 2012. Recommendations for design of connections in steel structures. 3rd ed. Tokyo: AIJ.
AISC. 2012. Seismic design manual. 2nd ed. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016a. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341-16. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016b. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
Akiyama, H., M. Kurosawa, N. Wakuni, and I. Nishimura. 1984. “Strength and deformation of column bases embedded in base concrete.” [In Japanese.] J. Struct. Constru. Eng. (Trans. AIJ) 335 (1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.335.0_45.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM E8/E8M-13a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Aviram, A., B. Stojadinović, and A. Der Kiureghian. 2010. Performance and reliability of exposed column base plate connections for steel moment-resisting frames. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Bozorgnia, Y., and V. V. Bertero. 2004. Earthquake engineering: From engineering seismology to performance-based engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Eurocode 2 design of concrete structures—Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chi, B., and C. M. Uang. 2002. “Cyclic response and design recommendations of reduced beam section moment connections with deep columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (4): 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:4(464).
Clark, P. W., K. Frank, H. Krawinkler, and R. Shaw. 1997. Protocol for fabrication, inspection, testing, and documentation of beam-column connection tests and other experimental specimens. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Coble, S. 2003. Materials data book. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ.
Cravero, J., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of wide-flange steel columns subjected to constant and variable axial load coupled with lateral drift demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (3): 04019222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002499.
Cui, Y., T. Nagae, and M. Nakashima. 2009. “Hysteretic behavior and strength capacity of shallowly embedded steel column bases.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (10): 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000056.
Elkady, A., G. Güell, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Proposed methodology for building-specific earthquake loss assessment including column residual axial shortening.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (4): 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3242.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2015. “Analytical investigation of the cyclic behavior and plastic hinge formation in deep wide-flange steel beam-columns.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (4): 1097–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9640-y.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018a. “Full-scale testing of deep wide-flange steel columns under multiaxis cyclic loading: Loading sequence, boundary effects, and lateral stability bracing force demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (2): 04017189. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001937.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018b. “Improved seismic design and nonlinear modeling recommendations for wide-flange steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002166.
Falborski, T., A. S. Hassan, and A. M. Kanvinde. 2020a. “Column base fixity in steel moment frames: Observations from instrumented buildings.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 168 (May): 105993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.105993.
Falborski, T., P. Torres-Rodas, F. Zareian, and A. Kanvinde. 2020b. “Effect of base-connection strength and ductility on the seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (5): 04020054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002544.
Galvis, F., E. Miranda, P. Heresi, H. Davalos, and J. R. Silos. 2017. Preliminary statistics of collapsed buildings in Mexico City in the September 19, 2017 Puebla-Morelos Earthquake. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Grauvilardell, J. E., D. Lee, J. F. Hajjar, and R. J. Dexter. 2005. Synthesis of design, testing and analysis research on steel column base plate connections in high-seismic zones. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota.
Grilli, D. A., R. Jones, and A. M. Kanvinde. 2017. “Seismic performance of embedded column base connections subjected to axial and lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (5): 04017010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001741.
Grilli, D. A., and A. M. Kanvinde. 2017. “Embedded column base connections subjected to seismic loads: strength model.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 129 (Feb): 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.11.014.
Hanks, K. N., and P. W. Richards. 2019. “Experimental performance of block-out connections at the base of steel moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (7): 04019057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002333.
Harries, K. A., D. Mitchell, R. G. Redwood, and W. D. Cook. 1997. “Seismic design of coupled walls-a case for mixed construction.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 24 (3): 448–459. https://doi.org/10.1139/l96-130.
Inamasu, H. 2021. “Development of dissipative steel column-base connections for steel moment-resisting frames under seismic loading.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
Inamasu, H., A. M. Kanvinde, and D. G. Lignos. 2019. “Seismic stability of wide-flange steel columns interacting with embedded column base connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (12): 04019151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002410.
Inamasu, H., A. M. Kanvinde, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Seismic design of non-dissipative embedded column base connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 177 (Feb): 106417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106417.
Inamasu, H., and D. G. Lignos. Forthcoming. “Finite element modeling and cyclic behavior of dissipative embedded column base connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res.
Inamasu, H., D. G. Lignos, and A. M. Kanvinde. 2018. “Influence of embedded steel column base strength on earthquake-induced residual deformations.” In Proc., 16th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Istanbul, Turkey: Hellenic Society of Earthquake Engineering.
Iwata, M., T. Kato, and A. Wada. 2000. “Buckling-restrained braces as hysteretic dampers.” In Proc., Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, 33–38. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A Balkema.
Kanno, R. 1993. “Strength, deformation, and seismic resistance of joints between steel beams and reinforced concrete columns.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell Univ.
Lignos, D. G., T. Hikino, Y. Matsuoka, and M. Nakashima. 2013. “Collapse assessment of steel moment frames based on E-Defense full-scale shake table collapse tests.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (1): 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000608.
MacRae, G. A., A. J. Carr, and W. R. Walpole. 1990. The seismic response of steel frames. Christchurch, New Zealand: Univ. of Canterbury.
Manson, S. S. 1966. Thermal stress and low cycle fatigue. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mattock, A. H., and G. H. Gaafar. 1982. “Strength of embedded steel sections as brackets.” ACI Struct. J. 79 (2): 83–93.
Minami, K., Y. Nishimura, and K. Kurisawa. 1982. “Research on stress transfer mechanism of embedded column base connection.” In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 293–296. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Nakashima, S., and S. Igarashi. 1986. “Behavior of steel square tubular column bases for interior columns embedded in concrete footings under bending moment and shearing force: Part 1—Test program and load-displacement relationships.” [In Japanese.] J. Struct. Constr. Eng. (Trans. AIJ) 366: 106–118. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.366.0_106.
Nakashima, S., and S. Igarashi. 1987. “Behavior of steel square tubular column bases for interior columns embedded in concrete footings under bending moment and shearing force: Part 2—Initial stiffness, ultimate strength and mechanism of stress flow.” [In Japanese.] J. Struct. Constr. Eng. (Trans. AIJ) 374: 63–76. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.374.0_63.
Ozkula, G., J. Harris, and C.-M. Uang. 2017. “Observations from cyclic tests on deep, wide-flange beam-columns.” Eng. J. 54 (1): 45–59.
Pilkey, W. D., D. F. Pilkey, and Z. Bi. 2020. Peterson’s stress concentration factors. New York: Wiley.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2021. “Experimental evaluation of steel columns under seismic hazard-consistent collapse loading protocols.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04021020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002963.
Takeda, T., and Y. Takahashi. 1980. “Experimental study on the column base of steel structure and steel reinforced concrete structure part 1: Comparison of 4 types of column bases.” [In Japanese.] In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 265–268. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Takeda, T., and Y. Takahashi. 1982. “Experimental study on the column base of steel structure and steel reinforced concrete structure part 2: Examination of the interior embedded column bases.” [In Japanese.] In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 229–232. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Takeuchi, T., M. Ida, S. Yamada, and K. Suzuki. 2008. “Estimation of cumulative deformation capacity of buckling restrained braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (5): 822–831. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(822).
Takeuchi, T., and A. Wada. 2017. Buckling-restrained braces and applications. Tokyo: Japan Society of Seismic Isolation.
Tapia-Hernández, E., and J. S. García-Carrera. 2020. “Damage assessment and seismic behavior of steel buildings during the Mexico earthquake of 19 September 2017.” Earthquake Spectra 36 (1): 250–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878186.
Tavernelli, J. F., and L. F. Coffin. 1962. “Experimental support for generalized equation predicting low cycle fatigue.” J. Basic Eng. 84 (4): 533–537. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3658701.
Vic-3D. 2018. Vic-3D Digital Image Correlation Program. Irmo, SC: Correlated Solutions.
Washio, K., T. Suzuki, S. Nakashima, and I. Nishimura. 1978a. “Effect of embedment on the steel column base I part 1: Experimental results.” [In Japanese.] In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, AIJ, C-1(II), 1289–1290. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Washio, K., T. Suzuki, S. Nakashima, and I. Nishimura. 1978b. “Effect of embedment on the steel column base I part 2: Observations.” [In Japanese.] In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, AIJ, C-1(II), 1291–1292. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Zareian, F., and A. Kanvinde. 2013. “Effect of column-base flexibility on the seismic response and safety of steel moment-resisting frames.” Earthquake Spectra 29 (4): 1537–1559. https://doi.org/10.1193/030512EQS062M.
Zhang, X., and J. M. Ricles. 2006. “Experimental evaluation of reduced beam section connections to deep columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (3): 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:3(346).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 3 • March 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 25, 2021
Accepted: Oct 8, 2021
Published online: Dec 20, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 20, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Alexander R. Hartloper, Selimcan Ozden, Albano de Castro e Sousa, Dimitrios G. Lignos, Uniaxial Cyclic and Tensile Tests on Structural Metallic Materials, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12037, 149, 5, (2023).
- Shayan Safaei, Gregory A. MacRae, Abdolreza S. Moghadam, Column Base Flexibility Effects on the Seismic Performance of Single-bay Single-story Steel Moment Frames, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 10.1080/13632469.2022.2104962, (1-19), (2022).
- Hiroyuki Inamasu, Dimitrios G. Lignos, Finite element modeling and behavior of dissipative embedded column base connections under cyclic loading, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.107063, 189, (107063), (2022).
- Hiroyuki Inamasu, Albano de Castro e Sousa, Dimitrios G. Lignos, Development of Dissipative Embedded Columns Base Connections for Mitigating Column Axial Shortening, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, 10.1007/978-3-031-03811-2_25, (269-275), (2022).