Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling of Initial Geometric Imperfections in Wide-Flange Steel Members Subjected to Combined Axial and Cyclic Lateral Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 9
Abstract
Wide-flange (W-shape) steel members are known to have initial geometric imperfections. A three-dimensional noncontact laser-scanning technique is used to measure the imperfection fields in fourteen specimens. A spectral approach that models the imperfections in each plate of the W-shape member as a two-dimensional random field is employed to characterize the imperfections and capture the existence of periodicity in them. The proposed modeling approach along with the traditional modal approach are used to study the sensitivity of numerical models to initial geometric imperfections. The studies are conducted at both member and system levels using a set of column and frame models employing deep W-shape columns under combined axial and lateral cyclic loading. It is shown that although initial geometric imperfections can, in certain situations, influence column buckling behavior as well as frame collapse mode, their effect on nonlinear cyclic behavior is generally small and inconsistent. Based on this finding, it is recommended that initial geometric imperfections need not be incorporated in high-fidelity numerical models of W-shape members subjected to combined axial and cyclic lateral loads. However, this is conditioned upon the use of a computational platform with sufficient numerical precision to capture the early small deformations that promote geometric nonlinearity in the response.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was jointly supported by the National Taiwan University within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan, Grant Nos. 108L8806 and 109L8836, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant ACI-1638186, and the US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Award 70NANB171TZ91. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
References
AISC. 2016a. Code of standard practice of steel buildings and bridges. ANSI/AISC 303-16. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016b. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341. Chicago: AISC.
Almutairi, T., K. Naudi, N. Nairn, X. Ju, J. Whitters, and A. Ayoub. 2018. “Replacement of the distorted dentition of the cone-beam computed tomography scans for orthognathic surgery planning.” J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 76 (7): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2018.02.018.
Arasaratnam, P., K. S. Sivakumaran, and M. J. Tait. 2011. “True stress-true strain models for structural steel elements.” ISRN Civ. Eng. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/656401.
Arias, A. 1970. “A measure of earthquake intensity.” In Seismic design for nuclear power plants, edited by R. J. Hansen, 438–483. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for general requirements for rolled structural steel bars, plates, shapes, and sheet piling. ASTM A6/A6M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
AutoDesk. 2018. User’s guide-AutoCAD 2018. San Rafael, CA: Autodesk.
Bendat, J. S., and A. G. Piersol. 1971. Random data: Analysis and measurement procedure. New York: Wiley.
CNS (National Standards of the Republic of China). 2012. Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel sections. CNS 1490 G1011. Taipei, Taiwan: Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection.
Cravero, J., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of wide-flange steel columns subjected to constant and variable axial load coupled with lateral drift demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 360 (3): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002499.
Cruise, R., and L. Gardner. 2006. “Measurement and prediction of geometric imperfections in structural stainless steel members.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 24 (1): 63–89. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2006.24.1.063.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2015. “Analytical investigation of the cyclic behavior and plastic hinge formation in deep wide-flange steel beam-columns.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (4): 1097–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9640-y.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018. “Improved seismic design and nonlinear modeling recommendations for wide-flange steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002166.
Engelmann, B. E., R. G. Whirley, and G. L. Goudreau. 1989. “A simple shell element formulation for large-scale elastoplastic analysis.” In Analytical and computational models of shells, edited by A. K. Noor, T. Belytschko, and J. C. Simo. New York: ASME.
FARO (Frasier and Raab Orthopedics). 2016. FARO edge and FARO laser ScanArm edge manual. Lake Mary, FL: FARO.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fogarty, J., and S. El-Tawil. 2015. “Collapse resistance of steel columns under combined axial and lateral loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (1): 04015091. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001350.
Fogarty, J., T.-Y. Wu, and S. El-Tawil. 2017. “Collapse response and design of deep steel columns subjected to lateral displacement.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001848.
Huang, Y., and S. A. Mahin. 2010. Simulating the inelastic seismic behavior of steel braced frames including the effects of low-cycle fatigue. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California at Berkeley.
Lee, Y. S., M. M. Kirka, J. Ferguson, and V. C. Paquit. 2020. “Correlations of cracking with scan strategy and build geometry in electron beam powder bed additive manufacturing.” Addit. Manuf. 32 (Mar): 101031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101031.
Lin, Y. K. 1996. Probabilistic theory of structural dynamics. Melbourne, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing.
McAnallen, L. E., D. A. Padilla-llano, X. Zhao, C. D. Moen, B. Schafer, and M. R. Eatherton. 2014. “Initial geometric imperfection measurement and characterization of cold-formed steel C-section structural members with 3D non-contact measurement techniques.” In Proc., Annual Stability Conf. Structural Stability Research Council Toronto, Canada. Chicago, IL: Structural Stability Research Council.
NIST. 2010. Evaluation of the FEMA P695 methodology for quantification of building seismic performance factors. NIST GCR 10-917-8. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Schafer, B. W., and T. Peko. 1998. “Computational modeling of cold-formed steel: Characterizing geometric imperfections and residual stresses.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 47 (3): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(98)00007-8.
Sediek, O. A., T.-Y. Wu, S. El-Tawil, and J. McCormick. 2020a. “Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of wide-flange steel columns subjected to constant and variable axial load coupled with lateral drift demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (3): 04019222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002499.
Sediek, O. A., T.-Y. Wu, J. McCormick, and S. El-Tawil. 2020b. “Collapse behavior of hollow structural section columns under combined axial and lateral loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (6): 04020094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002637.
Selvaraj, S., and M. Madhavan. 2018. “Geometric imperfection measurements and validations on cold-formed steel channels using 3D noncontact laser scanner.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (3): 04018010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001993.
Soong, T. T., and M. Grigoriu. 1993. Random vibration of mechanical and structural systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Wu, T.-Y., S. El-Tawil, and J. McCormick. 2018a. “Highly ductile limits for deep steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (4): 04018016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002002.
Wu, T.-Y., S. El-Tawil, and J. McCormick. 2018b. “Seismic collapse response of steel moment frames with deep columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002150.
Wu, T.-Y., S. El-Tawil, and J. McCormick. 2019. “Effect of cyclic flange local buckling on the capacity of steel members.” Eng. Struct. 200 (Dec): 109705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109705.
Zeinoddini, V. M., and B. W. Schafer. 2012. “Simulation of geometric imperfections in cold-formed steel members using spectral representation approach.” Thin Walled Struct. 60 (Nov): 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.07.001.
Zhao, X., M. Tootkaboni, and B. W. Schafer. 2015. “Development of a laser-based geometric imperfection measurement platform with application to cold-formed steel construction.” Exp. Mech. 55 (9): 1779–1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0072-7.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 16, 2020
Accepted: Apr 2, 2021
Published online: Jun 18, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Nov 18, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.