Comparative Study on Seismic Fragility Assessment of Self-Centering Energy-Absorbing Dual Rocking Core versus Buckling Restrained Braced Systems under Mainshock–Aftershock Sequences
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 9
Abstract
A strong mainshock may cause several aftershocks within a short interval. These aftershocks can make buildings damaged during the mainshock more vulnerable to collapse. Hence, it is critical to study the seismic responses of a structure during aftershock events following a major shock. The focus of this work was to investigate the seismic fragility of an emerging high-performance seismic-resistant system—the self-centering energy-absorbing dual rocking core (SEDRC) system—considering mainshock–aftershock sequences, and to compare SEDRC with traditional systems. First, three- and six-story SEDRC systems were designed following the direct displacement-based design method to show comparable maximum interstory drifts compared with those of the three- and six-story benchmark buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs), respectively, under the design-basis earthquake excitations. Second, 30 as-recorded mainshock–aftershock sequences were selected. The dynamic analyses and incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) were conducted to study the seismic responses of the four buildings with the mainshock inputs alone and the mainshock–aftershock sequence inputs. The analysis results show that the designed SEDRC systems and BRBFs can obtain comparable performance in limiting the maximum interstory drifts (MID) responses, whereas the SEDRC systems are more efficient in limiting the maximum residual interstory drifts (MRD). Moreover, the SEDRC systems perform much better than BRBFs in resisting structural collapse. As expected, the aftershocks would increase the MID, but may increase or decrease the MRD of the SEDRC systems and BRBFs. Finally, the seismic fragilities of the designed systems were further investigated on the basis of the results from the IDAs in a probabilistic framework using a joint probability density function with the consideration of both MID and MRD. The advantages of the SEDRC systems in achieving excellent seismic collapse-resistant and self-centering capacity were explored through probabilistic analyses.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grants 52078366, 51820105013, 51778459), and the Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through Discovery Grant. Support for this study was also provided by the State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University (Project No. SLDRCE19-B-05), and Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co. Ltd.
References
Abdollahzadeh, G., A. Mohammadgholipour, and E. Omranian. 2019. “Seismic evaluation of steel moment frames under mainshock–aftershock sequence designed by elastic design and PBPD methods.” J. Earthquake Eng. 23 (10): 1605–1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1387198.
Alaska Earthquake Center. 2019. “When will the aftershocks stop?” Accessed February 5, 2019. https://earthquake.alaska.edu/when-will-aftershocks-stop.
Ancheta, T. D., et al. 2014 “NGA-West2 database.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (3): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1193/070913EQS197M.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Barbosa, A. R., L. A. Fahnestock, D. R. Fick, D. Gautam, R. Soti, R. Wood, B. Moaveni, A. Stavridis, M. J. Olsen, and H. Rodrigues. 2017. “Performance of medium-to-high rise reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill in the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake.” Supplement, Earthquake Spectra 33 (S1): 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1193/051017eqs087m.
Cornell, C. A., and H. Krawinkler. 2000. “Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment.” PEER Center News 3 (2): 1–2.
Dyanati, M., Q. Huang, and D. Roke. 2015. “Seismic demand models and performance evaluation of self-centering and conventional concentrically braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 84 (Feb): 368–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.036.
Elkady, A., G. Güell, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Proposed methodology for building-specific earthquake loss assessment including column residual axial shortening.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (4): 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3242.
Erochko, J., C. Christopoulos, R. Tremblay, and H. Choi. 2011. “Residual drift response of SMRFs and BRB frames in steel buildings designed according to ASCE 7-05.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (5): 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000296.
Fahnestock, L. A., R. Sause, and J. M. Ricles. 2007. “Seismic response and performance of buckling-restrained braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (9): 1195–1204. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1195).
Fang, C., W. Wang, and W. Feng. 2019. “Experimental and numerical studies on self-centering beam-to-column connections free from frame expansion.” Eng. Struct. 198 (Nov): 109526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109526.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 365. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2012. Seismic performance assessment of buildings. FEMA P-58. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Goda, K. 2015. “Record selection for aftershock incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (7): 1157–1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2513.
Gu, Q., A. Zona, Y. Peng, and A. Dall’Asta. 2014. “Effect of buckling-restrained brace model parameters on seismic structural response.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 98 (Jul): 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.02.009.
Han, R., Y. Li, and J. van de Lindt. 2014. “Seismic risk of base isolated non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings considering uncertainties and mainshock–aftershock sequences.” Struct. Saf. 50 (Sep): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.03.010.
Hirose, F., K. Miyaoka, N. Hayashimoto, T. Yamazaki, and M. Nakamura. 2011. “Outline of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M w 9.0)—Seismicity: Foreshocks, mainshock, aftershocks, and induced activity.” Earth Planets Space 63 (7): 513–518. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.05.019.
Howes, T., and T. Cheesebrough. 2013. “Infrastructure impact and recovery following the 2010–2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Civ. Eng. 166 (5): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.12.00019.
Hu, S., W. Wang, and B. Qu. 2020a. “Seismic economic losses in mid-rise steel buildings with conventional and emerging lateral force resisting systems.” Eng. Struct. 204 (Feb): 110021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110021.
Hu, S., W. Wang, and B. Qu. 2020b. “Seismic evaluation of low-rise steel building frames with self-centering energy-absorbing rigid cores designed using a force-based approach.” Eng. Struct. 204 (Feb): 110038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110038.
Hu, S., W. Wang, B. Qu, and M. S. Alam. 2020c. “Development and validation test of a novel self-centering energy-absorbing dual rocking core (SEDRC) system for seismic resilience.” Eng. Struct. 211 (May): 110424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110424.
Hu, S., W. Wang, B. Qu, and M. S. Alam. 2020d. “Self-centering energy-absorbing rocking core system with friction spring damper: Experiments, modeling and design.” Eng. Struct. 225 (Dec): 111338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111338.
Huang, Y., J. Wu, T. Zhang, and D. Zhang. 2008. “Relocation of the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershock sequence.” Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci. 51 (12): 1703–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-0135-z.
Hwang, S.-H., and D. G. Lignos. 2018. “Nonmodel-based framework for rapid seismic risk and loss assessment of instrumented steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 156 (Feb): 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.045.
Issa, A., and M. S. Alam. 2019. “Experimental and numerical study on the seismic performance of a self-centering bracing system using closed-loop dynamic (CLD) testing.” Eng. Struct. 195 (Sep): 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.103.
Issa, A., and M. S. Alam. 2020. “Comparative seismic fragility assessment of buckling restrained and self-centering (friction spring and SMA) braced frames.” Smart Mater. Struct. 29 (5): 055029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab7858.
Li, Q., and B. R. Ellingwood. 2007. “Performance evaluation and damage assessment of steel frame buildings under main shock–aftershock earthquake sequences.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (3): 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.667.
Li, Y., R. Song, and J. W. Van De Lindt. 2014. “Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (12): 04014095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001019.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. OpenSees command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
McCormick, J., H. Aburano, M. Ikenaga, and M. Nakashima. 2008. “Permissible residual deformation levels for building structures considering both safety and human elements.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 12–17. Beijing: Seismological Press of China.
Merritt, S., C.-M. Uang, and G. Benzoni. 2003. Subassemblage testing of corebrace buckling-restrained braces. San Diego: Univ. of California, San Diego.
Michele, M., R. Di Stefano, L. Chiaraluce, M. Cattaneo, P. De Gori, G. Monachesi, D. Latorre, S. Marzorati, L. Valoroso, and C. Ladina. 2016. “The Amatrice 2016 seismic sequence: A preliminary look at the mainshock and aftershocks distribution.” Ann. Geophys. 59: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7227.
Moehle, J., and G. G. Deierlein. 2004. “A framework methodology for performance-based earthquake engineering.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Nazari, N., J. Van De Lindt, and Y. Li. 2015. “Effect of mainshock-aftershock sequences on woodframe building damage fragilities.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 29 (1): 04014036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000512.
NIST. 2010. Evaluation of the FEMA P-695 methodology for quantification of building seismic performance factors. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Priestley, M. N. 2002. “Direct displacement-based design of precast/prestressed concrete buildings.” PCI J. 47 (6): 66–79. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11012002.66.79.
Qiu, C., and S. Zhu. 2017. “Shake table test and numerical study of self-centering steel frame with SMA braces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (1): 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2777.
Qu, B., F. Sanchez-Zamora, and M. Pollino. 2014. “Transforming seismic performance of deficient steel concentrically braced frames through implementation of rocking cores.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (5): 04014139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001085.
Raghunandan, M., A. B. Liel, and N. Luco. 2015. “Aftershock collapse vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete frame structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (3): 419–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2478.
Ramirez, C. M., and E. Miranda. 2012. “Significance of residual drifts in building earthquake loss estimation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (11): 1477–1493. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2217.
Ruiz-Garcia, J., and E. Miranda. 2010. “Probabilistic estimation of residual drift demands for seismic assessment of multi-story framed buildings.” Eng. Struct. 32 (1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.08.010.
Ruiz-García, J. 2012. “Mainshock-aftershock ground motion features and their influence in building’s seismic response.” J. Earthquake Eng. 16 (5): 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.663154.
Ruiz-García, J., and J. D. Aguilar. 2015. “Aftershock seismic assessment taking into account postmainshock residual drifts.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (9): 1391–1407. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2523.
Ruiz-García, J., and E. Miranda. 2006. “Residual displacement ratios for assessment of existing structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (3): 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.523.
Ruiz-García, J., and J. C. Negrete-Manriquez. 2011. “Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences.” Eng. Struct. 33 (2): 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.11.021.
Sabelli, R., S. Mahin, and C. Chang. 2003. “Seismic demands on steel braced frame buildings with buckling-restrained braces.” Eng. Struct. 25 (5): 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00175-X.
Shokrabadi, M., H. V. Burton, and J. P. Stewart. 2018. “Impact of sequential ground motion pairing on mainshock-aftershock structural response and collapse performance assessment.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018177.
Song, R., Y. Li, and J. W. van de Lindt. 2014. “Impact of earthquake ground motion characteristics on collapse risk of post-mainshock buildings considering aftershocks.” Eng. Struct. 81 (Dec): 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.047.
Uma, S., S. Pampanin, and C. Christopoulos. 2010. “Development of probabilistic framework for performance-based seismic assessment of structures considering residual deformations.” J. Earthquake Eng. 14 (7): 1092–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903556509.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Wei, G., M. R. Eatherton, H. Foroughi, S. Torabian, and B. W. Schafer. 2020. Seismic behavior of steel BRBF buildings including consideration of diaphragm inelasticity. Baltimore: Cold-formed Steel Research Consortium.
Wen, W., C. Zhai, D. Ji, S. Li, and L. Xie. 2017. “Framework for the vulnerability assessment of structure under mainshock-aftershock sequences.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 101 (Oct): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.07.002.
Yin, Y.-J., and Y. Li. 2011. “Loss estimation of light-frame wood construction subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 25 (6): 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000187.
Zona, A., and A. Dall’Asta. 2012. “Elastoplastic model for steel buckling-restrained braces.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 68 (1): 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.07.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 9 • September 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 15, 2020
Accepted: Mar 31, 2021
Published online: Jun 25, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Nov 25, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.