Parametric Collapse Performance of Low-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frames with Reserve Capacity
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 8
Abstract
In moderate-seismic regions, cost-effective steel building design solutions such as the and ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF) systems do not consistently provide reliable life-safety protection. The collapse performance behaviors of these systems are not thoroughly substantiated by experimental or historical evidence. Thus, a numerical study consisting of 2 conventional and 216 parameterized variations of a prototype seismic force–resisting system (SFRS) was developed to (1) investigate low-ductility braced frame failure mechanisms and collapse performance capabilities; (2) quantify the influences of key design parameters on probabilistic collapse capacity; and (3) provide the basis for development of a robust and socioeconomically viable design alternative for low-ductility concentrically braced frame (CBF) systems. Collapse probabilities were assessed through numerical simulations of ground motion excitations using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), and variations in collapse probabilities were quantified with respect to five design parameters using an ANOVA model. The results indicate that the collapse probabilities of low-ductility CBF systems can be substantially reduced through design parameters that promote favorable failure hierarchies and provide deliberately engineered reserve capacity.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. In particular, this includes source code and analysis results for the angle, connection, and building models and their corresponding analyses.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CMMI-1207976) and the American Institute of Steel Construction.
References
AISC. 1997. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2010. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341. Chicago: AISC.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2010. Modeling and acceptance criteria for seismic design and analysis of tall buildings. PEER/ATC 72-1. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
Bakalis, K., and D. Vamvatsikos. 2018. “Seismic fragility functions via nonlinear response history analysis.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002141.
Béland, T., C. R. Bradley, J. Nelson, J. G. Sizemore, A. Davaran, R. Tremblay, E. M. Hines, and L. A. Fahnestock. 2020a. “Experimental parametric characterization of bolted angle connection behavior.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (8): 04020160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002662.
Béland, T., R. Tremblay, E. M. Hines, and L. A. Fahnestock. 2020b. “Rotational capacity of bolted double-web-angle beam-column gravity connections through full-scale experimental testing.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (7): 04020111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002661.
Bradley, C. R. 2019. “Design philosophy and parametric collapse performance of low-ductility concentrically braced frames with reserve capacity.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts Univ.
Bradley, C. R., L. A. Fahnestock, E. M. Hines, and J. G. Sizemore. 2017. “Full-scale cyclic testing of low-ductility concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (6): 04017029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001760.
Charney, F. A. 2008. “Unintended consequences of modeling damping in structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (4): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
Chopra, A. K., and F. McKenna. 2015. “Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation: Modal damping.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (2): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2622.
Christopoulos, C., A. Filiatrault, and C.-M. Uang. 2002. “Behavior of steel moment resisting frames with post-tensioned energy dissipating connections.” In Proc., 7th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Eng. (7NCEE). Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Davaran, A., T. Béland, and R. Tremblay. 2019. “Elastic-plastic analysis of bolted angles usable in steel frame connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (7): 04019048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002320.
Davaran, A., R. Tremblay, T. Beland, L. A. Fahnestock, and E. M. Hines. 2014. “Experimental behavior of low-ductility brace connection limit states.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2014, 2429–2441. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Fahnestock, L. A., E. M. Hines, R. Tremblay, C. Bradley, J. Nelson, T. Beland, A. Davaran, and J. Sizemore. 2014. “Reserve capacity and implications for seismic collapse prevention for low-ductility braced frames in moderate-seismic regions.” In Proc., 10th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Eng. (10NCEE). Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Fell, B. V., A. M. Kanvinde, G. G. Deierlein, and A. T. Myers. 2009. “Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:1(19).
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. FEMA P695. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Han, S.-W., W. T. Kim, and D. Foutch. 2007. “Seismic behavior of HSS bracing members according to width–thickness ratio under symmetric cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (2): 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:2(264).
Hines, E. M., M. E. Appel, and P. J. Cheever. 2009. “Collapse performance of low-ductility chevron braced steel frames in moderate seismic regions.” Eng. J. 46 (3): 149–180.
Hines, E. M., L. G. Baise, and S. S. Swift. 2011. “Ground-motion suite selection for eastern North America.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (3): 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000258.
Hsiao, P.-C., D. E. Lehman, J. W. Berman, C. W. Roeder, and J. Powell. 2014. “Seismic vulnerability of older braced frames.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (1): 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000394.
Hsiao, P.-C., D. E. Lehman, and C. W. Roeder. 2012. “Improved analytical model for special concentrically braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 73 (1): 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.01.010.
ICC (International Code Council). 2009. International building code. Country Club Hills, IL: ICC.
Jehel, P., P. Léger, and A. Ibrahimbegovic. 2014. “Initial versus tangent stiffness-based Rayleigh damping in inelastic time history seismic analyses.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (3): 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2357.
Karamanci, E., and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Computational approach for collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames in seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (8): A4014019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001011.
Krawinkler, H., F. Zareian, D. G. Lignos, and L. F. Ibarra. 2010. “Significance of modeling deterioration in structural components for predicting the collapse potential of structures under earthquake excitations.” In Advances in performance-based earthquake engineering. Edited by M. N. Fardis. New York: Springer.
Lehman, D. E., C. W. Roeder, D. Herman, S. Johnson, and B. Kotulka. 2008. “Improved seismic performance of gusset plate connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (6): 890–901. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:6(890).
Lignos, D. G., and H. Krawinkler. 2011. “Deterioration modeling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376.
Lignos, D. G., H. Krawinkler, and A. S. Whittaker. 2011. “Prediction and validation of sidesway collapse of two scale models of a 4-story steel moment frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 40 (7): 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1061.
Maeda, M., T. Kabeyasawa, and Y. Sanada. 1999. “Test and analysis of reinforced concrete beams under axial restraint.” In Proc., U.S.–Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, 203–215. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Newell, J. D., and C.-M. Uang. 2008. “Cyclic behavior of steel wide-flange columns subjected to large drift.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (8): 1334–1342. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:8(1334).
Sen, A. D., C. W. Roeder, J. W. Berman, D. E. Lehman, C.-H. Li, A.-C. Wu, and K.-C. Tsai. 2016a. “Experimental investigation of chevron concentrically braced frames with yielding beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (12): 04016123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001597.
Sen, A. D., D. Sloat, R. Ballard, M. M. Johnson, C. W. Roeder, D. E. Lehman, and J. W. Berman. 2016b. “Experimental evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of braces and connections in older concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (9): 04016052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001507.
Shaback, B., and T. Brown. 2003. “Behaviour of square hollow structural steel braces with end connections under reversed cyclic axial loading.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 30 (4): 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1139/l03-028.
Sizemore, J. G., L. A. Fahnestock, and E. M. Hines. 2019. “Seismic performance assessment of low-ductility concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (4): 04019016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002276.
Sizemore, J. G., L. A. Fahnestock, E. M. Hines, and C. R. Bradley. 2017. “Parametric study of low-ductility concentrically braced frames under cyclic static loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (6): 04017032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001761.
Stoakes, C. D. 2012. “Beam-column connection flexural behavior and seismic collapse performance of concentrically braced frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Stoakes, C. D., and L. A. Fahnestock. 2011. “Cyclic flexural testing of concentrically braced frame beam-column connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (7): 739–747. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000326.
Tang, X., and S. C. Goel. 1989. “Brace fractures and analysis of Phase I structure.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (8): 1960–1976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:8(1960).
Tremblay, R. 2001. “Seismic behavior and design of concentrically braced steel frames.” Eng. J. 38 (3): 148–166.
Tremblay, R. 2002. “Inelastic seismic response of steel bracing members.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 58 (5): 665–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00104-3.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31: 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Zareian, F., and R. A. Medina. 2010. “A practical method for proper modeling of structural damping in inelastic plane structural systems.” Comput. Struct. 88 (1–2): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.08.001.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 15, 2019
Accepted: Feb 12, 2021
Published online: Jun 10, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Nov 10, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wenyuan Zhang, Zengyang Zhao, Yazhi Liu, Experimental investigation of header end-plate beam-to-column composite connections with single-corner gusset plates, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107722, 201, (107722), (2023).
- Cameron R. Bradley, Larry A. Fahnestock, Eric M. Hines, Dual system design for a low-ductility concentrically braced frame with a reserve moment frame, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2021.09.009, 34, (3315-3328), (2021).