High-Strength Steel Reinforcement (ASTM A1035/A1035M Grade 690): State-of-the-Art Review
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 8
Abstract
High-strength steel (HSS) and ASTM A1035 Grade 690, in particular, have been gaining popularity in the last two decades due to its considerably higher strength and corrosion resistance compared to conventional steel, i.e. ASTM A615 Grade 420. The stress-strain response of HSS is different from that of conventional Grade 420 steel because it lacks a well-defined yield point and yield plateau. Consequently, extensive research studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of HSS reinforcement in structural concrete to examine the adequacy of current design provisions when a design yield strength of up to 690 MPa is used. In order to accommodate HSS reinforcement, the American Concrete Institute (ACI) released Design Guide for the Use of ASTM A1035/A1035M Grade 100 (690) Steel Bars for Structural Concrete (ACI 439.6R), whereas the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications initiated the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 12-77 to evaluate the provisions relevant to the use of high-strength reinforcing steel and other grades of reinforcing steel having no discernable yield plateau. This manuscript provides a synthesis of these two reports in a systematic way along with the other relevant research works. In addition, a comprehensive comparison between the requirements of ACI 439.6R, AASHTO, and ACI 318, relevant to the use of HSS reinforcement, is presented. Specified yield strengths for HSS, when used in different applications set by the three codes, are provided in a summary table. The provided table is intended not only for comparison purposes but also to facilitate the use of HSS reinforcement by designers because it contains all of the important and most recent relevant clauses in the three codes. Lastly, future research recommendations are proposed to revise and increase the specified yield strength of HSS in certain applications to enable designers to take full advantage of the potential benefits of HSS reinforcements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial contributions of the Mitacs Accelerate Grant and the Green Construction Research and Training Centre (GCRTC) Scholarship at the Univ. of British Columbia (UBC) were critical to conduct this research and are gratefully acknowledged.
References
AASHTO. 2007. LRFD bridge design specifications. 4th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2012. LRFD bridge design specifications. 6th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. LRFD bridge design specifications. 8th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2003. Bond and development of straight reinforcing bars in tension. ACI 408R. Detroit: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete. ACI 318. Detroit: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2010. Design guide for the use of ASTM A1035/A1035M Grade 100 (690) steel bars for structural concrete. ACI ITG-6R. Detroit: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete. ACI 318. Detroit: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete. ACI 318. Detroit: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Guide for the use of ASTM A1035/A1035M Type CS Grade 100 (690) steel bars for structural concrete. ACI 439.6R. Detroit: ACI.
Aldabagh, S., F. Abed, and S. Yehia. 2018. “Effect of types of concrete on flexural behavior of beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (2): 351–364. https://doi.org/10.14359/51701105.
AS/NZS (Australian/New Zealand Standard). 2001. Steel reinforcing materials. AS/NZS 4671. Sydney, Australia: AS/NZS.
ASTM. 2016. Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. ASTM A615. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for deformed and plain, low-carbon, chromium, steel bars for concrete reinforcement. ASTM A1035. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barbosa, A. R., T. Link, and D. Trejo. 2016. “Seismic performance of high-strength steel RC bridge columns.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (2): 04015044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000769.
Barcley, L., and M. Kowalsky. 2020. “Seismic performance of circular concrete columns reinforced with high-strength steel.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (2): 04019198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002452.
Barr, P. J., and K. Wixom. 2009. Feasibility of using high-strength steel and MMFX rebar in bridge design. Salt Lake City: Utah Dept. of Transportation.
BC MoTI (British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure). 2016. Vol. 1 of Supplement to CHBDC S6-14. Victoria, Canada: British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure.
Billah, A. H. M. M., and M. S. Alam. 2013. “Seismic fragility assessment of high strength reinforced concrete columns considering parameter uncertainty.” ACI Spec. Publ. 293: 1–18.
Bischoff, P. H. 2005. “Reevaluation of deflection prediction for concrete beams reinforced with steel and fiber reinforced polymer bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (5): 752–767. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:5(752).
Bishaw, B. B. 2016. “Effect of high strength materials on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Utah.
Branson, D. E. 1977. Deformation of concrete structures. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Breña, S. F., J. Messier, and S. W. Peterfreund. 2018. “Behavior of straight and T-headed ASTM A1035/A1035M bar splices in flexural members.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.14359/51700782.
Breña, S.F., J. Messier, and S. W. Peterfreund. 2018. “Behavior of straight and T-headed ASTM A1035/A1035M bar splices in flexural members.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663820.
BSDC (Bridge Structures Design Criteria). 2018. Bridge structures design criteria version 8.1. Edmonton, Canada: Technical Standards Branch, Alberta Transportation.
Budek, A. M., M. J. N. Priestley, and C. O. Lee. 2002. “Seismic design of columns with high-strength wire and strand as spiral reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J. 99 (5): 660–670. https://doi.org/10.14359/12306.
Caifu, Y. 2010. “Development of high strength construction rebars.” In Proc., Int. Seminar on Production and Application of High Strength Seismic Grade Rebar Containing Vanadium. Beijing: Central Iron and Steel Research Institute.
Clemena, G. G., and Y. P. Virmani. 2004. “Comparing the chloride resistances of reinforcing bars.” ACI Concr. Int. 26 (11): 39–49.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2004. Design of concrete structures. CSA A23.3. Rexdale, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014a. Design of concrete structures. CSA A23.3. Rexdale, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014b. Canadian highway bridge design code. CSA S6. Rexdale, Canada: CSA.
Darwin, D., J. Browning, M. O’Reilly, L. Xing, and J. Ji. 2007. “Critical chloride corrosion threshold of galvanized reinforcing bars.” ACI Mater. J. 106 (2): 176–183. https://doi.org/10.14359/56465.
Darwin, D., J. Browning, T. Van Nguyen, and C. Locke. 2002. Mechanical and corrosion properties of a high-strength, high chromium reinforcing steel for concrete. Lawrence, KS: Univ. of Kansas Center for Research.
Dejong, S. J., C. Macdougall, and P. J. Heffernan. 2006. “Fatigue behavior of MMFX corrosion-resistant reinforcing steel.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Short and Medium Span Bridges. New York: Springer.
Desalegne, A. S., and A. S. Lubell. 2011. “Shear behavior of concrete slabs longitudinally reinforced with high-performance steel.” ACI Struct. J. 107 (2): 228–236. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663539.
Desalegne, A. S., and A. S. Lubell. 2012. “Deflection control of concrete slabs longitudinally reinforced with ASTM A1035/A1035M-07 steel.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (6): 867–878. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684130.
Fahim, A., A. E. Dean, M. D. A. Thomas, and E. G. Moffatt. 2019. “Corrosion resistance of chromium-steel and stainless steel reinforcement in concrete.” Mater. Corros. 70 (2): 328–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709942.
Farshadfar, O. 2017. “Performance evaluation of corrosion protection systems for reinforced concrete.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Univ. of Kansas.
Frosch, R. J. 1999. “Another look at cracking and crack control in reinforced concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 96 (3): 437–442. https://doi.org/10.14359/679.
Gervas’ev, M. A., V. A. Sharapova, and A. A. Berdnikov. 2019. “Effect of micro-alloying with boron and niobium on properties of Cr-Mn-Mo steels.” In Vol. 946 of Proc., Materials Science Forum, 3–7. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications.
Gong, L., D. Darwin, J. P. Browning, and L. Carl. 2002. Evaluation of mechanical and corrosion properties of MMFX reinforcing steel for concrete. Lawrence, KS: Univ. of Kansas Center for Research.
Hamed, A., M. Eissa, A. Kandil, O. Ali, and T. Mattar. 2018. “Developing high strength-high toughness low carbon steel using combined V-Ti-micro-alloying and different thermo-mechanical treatments.” In Vol. 786 of Proc., Key Engineering Materials, 57–64. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications.
Harries, K. A., B. M. Shahrooz, and A. Soltani. 2012a. “Flexural crack widths in concrete girders with high-strength reinforcement.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (5): 804–812. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000306.
Harries, K. A., B. M. Shahrooz, A. Soltani, J. M. Reis, E. L. Wells, R. Miller, and H. G. Russell. 2010. “Bond and anchorage of high-strength reinforcing steel.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2172 (1): 96–102. https://doi.org/10.3141/2172-11.
Harries, K. A., G. Zeno, and B. Shahrooz. 2012b. “Toward an improved understanding of shear-friction behavior.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (6): 835–844. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684127.
Hassan, T. K., A. Mantawy, J. Soliman, A. Sherif, and S. H. Rizkalla. 2012. “Bond characteristics and shear behavior of concrete beams reinforced with high-strength steel reinforcement.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 15 (2): 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.2.303.
Hosny, A., H. M. Seliem, S. H. Rizkalla, and P. Zia. 2012. “Development length of unconfined conventional and high-strength steel reinforcing bars.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (5): 655–664. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684043.
Hoult, N. A., E. G. Sherwood, E. C. Bentz, and M. P. Collins. 2008. “Does the use of FRP reinforcement change the one-way shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs?” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (2): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(125).
Ibarra, L., and B. Bishaw. 2016. “High-strength fiber-reinforced concrete beam-columns with high-strength steel.” ACI Struct. J. 113 (1): 147–156. https://doi.org/10.14359/51688066.
Ji, J., D. Darwin, and J. P. Browning. 2005. Corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels and MMFX microcomposite steel for reinforced concrete bridge decks. Lawrence, KS: Univ. of Kansas Center for Research.
Kahl, S. 2007. Corrosion resistant alloy steel (MMFX) reinforcing bar in bridge decks. Lansing, MI: Michigan Dept. of Transportation Construction and Technology Division.
Lepage, A., H. Tavallali, S. Pujol, and J. M. Rautenberg. 2008. “Towards earthquake-resistant concrete structures with ultra high-strength steel reinforcement.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Lepage, A., H. Tavallali, S. Pujol, and J. M. Rautenberg. 2012. “High-performance steel bars and fibers as concrete reinforcement for seismic-resistant frames.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2012: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/450981.
Mast, R. F. 2006. Memorandum: Behavior of flexural members reinforced with MMFX steel, 1–15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Mast, R. F., M. Dawood, S. H. Rizkalla, and P. Zia. 2008. “Flexural strength design of concrete beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (5): 570–577. https://doi.org/10.14359/19940.
Muguruma, H., M. Nishiyama, F. Watanabe, and H. Tanaka. 1991. “Ductile behavior of high-strength concrete columns confined by high-strength transverse reinforcement.” In Proc., Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures and Innovations in Design, SP-128, 877–891. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Muguruma, H., and F. Watanabe. 1990. “Ductility improvement of high-strength concrete columns with lateral confinement.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on High-Strength Concrete, SP-121, 47–60. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Munikrishna, A., A. Hosny, S. Rizkalla, and P. Zia. 2011. “Behavior of concrete beams reinforced with ASTM A1035 grade 100 stirrups under shear.” ACI Struct. J. 108 (1): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.14359/51664200.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2014. Use of high-strength reinforcement in earthquake-resistant concrete structures. NIST GCR 14-917-30. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Pande, C. S. A., and K. P. Cooper. 2009. “Nanomechanics of Hall-Petch relationship in nanocrystalline materials.” Prog. Mater Sci. 54 (6): 689–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.03.008.
Panno, S. V., K. C. Hackley, H. H. Hwang, S. Greenberg, I. G. Krapac, S. Landsberger, and D. J. O’Kelly. 2005. “Database for the characterization and identification of the sources of sodium and chloride in natural waters of Illinois.” In Proc., Open File Series 2005-1. Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Puranam, A. Y. 2018. “Strength and serviceability of concrete elements reinforced with high-strength steel.” Ph.D. thesis, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Ramberg, W., and W. R. Osgood. 1943. Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters. Washington, DC: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
Rautenberg, J. M., and S. Pujol. 2013. “Numerical estimates of the seismic response of building structures reinforced with high-strength steel.” ACI Spec. Publ. 293: 1–10.
Rautenberg, J. M., S. Pujol, H. Tavallali, and A. Lepage. 2013. “Drift capacity of concrete columns reinforced with high-strength steel.” ACI Struct. J. 110 (2): 307–318. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684410.
Restrepo, J. I., F. Seible, B. Stephan, and M. J. Schoettler. 2006. “Seismic testing of bridge columns incorporating high-performance materials.” ACI Struct. J. 103 (4): 496–504. https://doi.org/10.14359/16425.
Russell, H. G., S. K. Ghosh, and M. Saiidi. 2011. Design guide for use of ASTM A1035 high-strength reinforcement in concrete bridge elements. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Salomon, A. L., and C. D. Moen. 2014. Structural design guidelines for concrete bridge decks reinforced with corrosion-resistant reinforcing bars. VCTIR 15-R10. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research.
Salomon, A. L., and C. D. Moen. 2017. Design, installation, and condition assessment of a concrete bridge deck constructed with ASTM A1035 CS No. 4 Bars. VTRC 17-R16. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research.
Seliem, H. M. 2007. “Behavior of concrete bridges reinforced with high-performance steel reinforcing bars.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ.
Seliem, H. M., et al. 2009. “Bond characteristics of ASTM A1035 steel reinforcing bars.” ACI Struct. J. 106 (4): 530–539. https://doi.org/10.14359/56619.
Shahrooz, B. M., K. A. Harries, J. M. Reis, E. L. Wells, G. Zeno, R. A. Miller, and H. G. Russell. 2017. “Basis of AASHTO specifications for high-strength shear reinforcement.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (11): 04017090. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001109.
Shahrooz, B. M., R. A. Miller, K. A. Harries, and H. G. Russell. 2011. Design of concrete structures using high-strength steel reinforcement. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Shahrooz, B. M., J. M. Reis, E. L. Wells, R. A. Miller, K. A. Harries, and H. G. Russell. 2014. “Flexural members with high-strength reinforcement: Behavior and code implications.” J. Bridge Eng. 19 (5): 04014003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000571.
Sharp, S. R., and A. K. Moruza. 2009. Field comparison of the installation and cost of placement of epoxy-coated and MMFX 2 steel deck reinforcement: Establishing a baseline for future deck monitoring. VTRC 09-R9. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Transportation Research Council.
Shen, L., M. Soliman, S. Ahmed, and C. Waite. 2019. “Life-cycle cost analysis of reinforced concrete bridge decks with conventional and corrosion resistant reinforcement.” In Vol. 271 of Proc., MATEC Web of Conf., 01009. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927101009.
Soltani, A. 2010. “Bond and serviceability characterization of concrete reinforced with high strength steel.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Pittsburgh.
Soltani, A., K. A. Harries, and B. M. Shahrooz. 2013. “Crack opening behavior of concrete reinforced with high strength reinforcing steel.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 7 (4): 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-013-0054-z.
Soltani, A., K. A. Harries, B. M. Shahrooz, H. G. Russell, and R. A. Miller. 2012. “Fatigue performance of high-strength reinforcing steel.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (3): 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000281.
Sperry, J., et al. 2017. “Conventional and high-strength hooked bars. 1: Anchorage tests.” ACI Struct. J. 114 (1): 255–265. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689456.
Sperry, J., et al. 2018. “Conventional and high-strength steel hooked bars: Detailing effects.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (1): 247–257. https://doi.org/10.14359/51700920.
Stephan, B., J. Restrepo, and F. Seible. 2008. Seismic behavior of bridge columns built incorporating MMFX steel. SSRP-2003/09. San Diego: Univ. of California.
Sugano, S., T. Nagashima, H. Kimura, A. Tamura, and A. Ichikawa. 1990. “Experimental studies on seismic performance of high strength reinforced concrete columns.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on High-Strength Concrete, SP-121. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Sumpter, M. S., S. H. Rizkalla, and P. Zia. 2009. “Behavior of high-performance steel as shear reinforcement for concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 106 (2): 171–177. https://doi.org/10.14359/56355.
Thomas, A., B. Davis, G. B. Dadi, and P. M. Goodrum. 2013. “Case study on the effect of 690 MPa (100 ksi) steel reinforcement on concrete productivity in buildings.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 139 (11): 04013025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000699.
Trejo, D., T. B. Link, and A. R. Barbosa. 2016. “Effect of reinforcement grade and ratio on seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J. 113 (5): 907–916. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689015.
Trejo, D., and R. G. Pillai. 2004. “Accelerated chloride threshold testing. II: Corrosion-resistant reinforcement.” ACI Mater. J. 101 (1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.14359/12988.
Ward, E. L. 2009. “Analytical evaluation of structural concrete members with high-strength steel reinforcement.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati.
WJE (Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates). 2006. Corrosion resistance of alternative reinforcing bars: An accelerated test. Northbrook, IL: WJE.
WJE (Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates). 2008. Mechanical properties of ASTM A1035 high strength steel bar reinforcement. Northbrook, IL: WJE.
Yan, S., X. Liu, W. J. Liu, H. Lan, and H. Wu. 2015. “Comparison on mechanical properties and microstructure of a C–Mn–Si steel treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and quenching and tempering (Q&T) processes.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 620 (Jan): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.047.
Yang, J., Y. Yoon, W. D. Cook, and D. Mitchell. 2011. “Punching shear behavior of two-way slabs reinforced with high-strength steel.” ACI Struct. J. 107 (4): 468–475. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663820.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jun 2, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 2, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.