Impact of Brace Fracture on Column Splice Demands in Braced Frames
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 8
Abstract
Braces made of square hollow structural sections (HSSs) in special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are likely to fracture under expected demand levels. This study, therefore, examines the additional seismic demands on column splices induced due to brace fracture. First, the study introduces the brace fracture models that were utilized for predicting fractures of square HSSs. Second, the selected 5-story and 13-story SCBFs with two different splice locations permitted in the seismic design practice were assessed under an ensemble of ground excitations by introducing different fracture prediction models. Third, the splice demands in terms of axial force, bending moment, and their combined effects were discussed with and without considering brace fracture. The study finds that brace fracture has a negligible impact on tensile force demands on column splices. In return, flexural demands, and the combined tensile force and flexural demands, are shown to be strongly influenced by brace fracture. It is also shown that the splices in SCBFs are vulnerable to undergo inelastic deformations when a brace fracture occurs, which is against the intended design objective.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data and models generated during the study are available from the corresponding author by request. This includes the computational models of the 5-story and 13-story SCBFs with column splice cases employed to assess the column splice seismic demands.
References
AISC. 1997. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341. Chicago: AISC.
Archambault, M. H., R. Tremblay, and A. Filiatrault. 1995. Étude du Comportement Séismique des Contreventements Ductiles en X avec Profilés Tubulaires en Acier [Study of the Seismic Behavior of Ductile X Braces with Steel Tabular Profiles]. Montréal: Département de Génie Civil, Section Structures, École Polytechnique de Montréal.
Aristizábal-Ochoa, J. D. I. O. 2003. “Elastic stability and second-order analysis of three-dimensional frames: Effects of column orientation.” J. Eng. Mech. 129 (11): 1254–1267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:11(1254).
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chen, C. H. 2010. “Performance-based seismic demand assessment of concentrically braced steel frame buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Faytarouni, M., O. Seker, B. Akbas, and J. Shen. 2019a. “Seismic assessment of ductile concentrically braced frames with HSS bracings.” Eng. Struct. 191 (Jul): 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.088.
Faytarouni, M., O. Seker, B. Akbas, and J. Shen. 2019b. “Seismic demand on column splices in special concentrically braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 199 (Nov): 109596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109596.
Faytarouni, M., J. Shen, O. Seker, and B. Akbas. 2019c. “Evaluation of brace fracture models in seismic analysis of concentrically braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 162 (Nov): 105709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105709.
Faytarouni, M., J. Shen, O. Seker, and B. Akbas. 2020. “Improved brace fracture model for seismic evaluation of concentrically braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 206 (Mar): 110184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110184.
Fell, B. V. 2008. Large-scale testing and simulation of earthquake-induced ultra low cycle fatigue in bracing members subjected to cyclic inelastic buckling. Davis, CA: Univ. of California, Davis.
Fell, B. V., A. M. Kanvinde, G. G. Deierlein, and A. T. Myers. 2009. “Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:1(19).
Goggins, J. M., B. M. Broderick, A. Y. Elghazouli, and A. S. Lucas. 2006. “Behaviour of tubular steel members under cyclic axial loading.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 62 (1–2): 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.04.012.
Haddad, M., T. Brown, and N. Shrive. 2010. “Experimental cyclic loading of concentric HSS braces.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 38 (1): 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1139/L10-113.
Hassan, O., and S. C. Goel. 1991. Seismic behavior and design of concentrically braced steel structures. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Hsiao, P. C., D. E. Lehman, and C. W. Roeder. 2013. “Evaluation of the response modification coefficient and collapse potential of special concentrically braced frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (10): 1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2286.
Huang, Y. 2009. “Simulating the inelastic seismic behavior of steel braced frames including the effects of low-cycle fatigue.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Hwang, S. H., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. “Effect of modeling assumptions on the earthquake-induced losses and collapse risk of steel-frame buildings with special concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001851.
Jain, A. K., and S. C. Goel. 1978. Hysteresis models for steel members subjected to cyclic buckling or cyclic end moments and buckling (user’s guide for DRAIN-2D: EL9 and EL10). Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Karamanci, E., and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Computational approach for collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames in seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (8): A4014019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001011.
Lai, J. W. 2012. “Experimental and analytical studies on the seismic behavior of conventional and hybrid braced frames.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Lee, K., and M. Bruneau. 2002. Review of energy dissipation of compression members in concentrically braced frames. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Lee, S., and S. C. Goel. 1987. Seismic behavior of hollow and concrete-filled square tubular bracing members. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Lumpkin, E. J., P. C. Hsiao, C. W. Roeder, D. E. Lehman, C. Y. Tsai, A. C. Wu, and K. C. Tsai. 2012. “Investigation of the seismic response of three-story special concentrically braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 77 (Sep): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.04.003.
Marino, E. M. 2014. “A unified approach for the design of high ductility steel frames with concentric braces in the framework of Eurocode 8.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (1): 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2334.
Mckenna, F. T. 1999. “Object-oriented finite element programming: Frameworks for analysis, algorithms and parallel computing.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Momenzadeh, S., and J. Shen. 2018. “Seismic demand on columns in special concentrically braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.060.
Newell, J. D., and C. M. Uang. 2006. Cyclic behavior of steel columns with combined high axial load and drift demand. San Diego: Univ. of California.
Nip, K. H., L. Gardner, and A. Y. Elghazouli. 2010. “Cyclic testing and numerical modelling of carbon steel and stainless steel tubular bracing members.” Eng. Struct. 32 (2): 424–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.005.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2019. “NGA database.” Accessed August 1, 2019. Peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database.
Powell, G. H. 2010. Modeling for structural analysis: Behavior and basics. Berkeley, CA: Computers and Structures.
Richards, P. W. 2009. “Seismic column demands in ductile braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (1): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:1(33).
Sabelli, R. 2001. Vol. 12 of Research on improving the design and analysis of earthquake-resistant steel-braced frames. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Shaback, J. B. 2001. “Behavior of square HSS braces with end connections under reversed cyclic axial loading.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Calgary, Alberta.
Shaw, S. M., K. Stillmaker, and A. M. Kanvinde. 2015. “Seismic response of partial-joint-penetration welded column splices in moment-resisting frames.” Eng. J. 52 (2): 87–108.
Shen, J., O. Seker, B. Akbas, P. Seker, S. Momenzadeh, and M. Faytarouni. 2017. “Seismic performance of concentrically braced frames with and without brace buckling.” Eng. Struct. 141 (Jun): 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.043.
Shen, J., R. Wen, and B. Akbas. 2015. “Mechanisms in two-story X-braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 106 (Mar): 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.12.014.
Shen, J., R. Wen, B. Akbas, B. Doran, and E. Uckan. 2014. “Seismic demand on brace-intersected beams in two-story X-braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 76 (Oct): 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.022.
Tang, X., and S. C. Goel. 1987. Seismic analysis and design considerations of braced steel structures. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Tirca, L., and L. Chen. 2014. “Numerical simulation of inelastic cyclic response of HSS braces upon fracture.” Adv. Steel Constr. 10 (4): 442–462. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2014.10.4.5.
Tremblay, R., M. H. Archambault, and A. Filiatrault. 2003. “Seismic response of concentrically braced steel frames made with rectangular hollow bracing members.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (12): 1626–1636. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1626).
Tremblay, R., M. Haddad, G. Martinez, J. Richard, and K. Moffatt. 2008. “Inelastic cyclic testing of large size steel bracing members.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: Chinese Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Uriz, P. 2005. Towards earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel structures. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 10, 2019
Accepted: Feb 25, 2020
Published online: May 25, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 25, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.