Shear-Out Capacity of Bolted Connections in Cold-Reduced Steel Sheets
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 4
Abstract
This study examined the accuracy of design equations specified in the North American, European, and Australian/New Zealand standards for determining the shear-out capacity of bolted connections in cold-reduced steel sheets. The tested variables were end distance, bolt (hole) diameter, sheet thickness, edge distance, and material properties. The paper showed that the catenary action in a narrow strip downstream of the bolt has a significant effect on the shear-out capacity, and is not accounted for in the design codes. The contribution of catenary action was corroborated with finite-element analysis results. The paper also showed that the edge distance of a bolted connection has insignificant effects on the shear-out capacity, although it affects the failure mode. An additional finding is that shearing (rather than sawing) the end of a cold-reduced steel sheet sometimes can change the failure mode into end splitting, but not to the same extent as in hot-rolled steel plates. Based on the test results of 60 single-bolted specimens with end distances ranging from 1.25 to 3.0 times the bolt diameter, this paper derived a shear-out equation that is dimensionally consistent, continuous, and transparent, and that is much more accurate than the code equations. The proposed equation, which includes the bolt diameter as a parameter, was verified against independent test specimens with end distances as small as 1.0 times the bolt diameter. A resistance factor of 0.70 is recommended for use with the proposed equation for determining the shear-out capacity of bolted connections in cold-reduced steel sheets.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The last author is supported by the Australian Research Council through the ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing under the Industrial Transformation Research Hubs scheme (Project ID: IH130100017). The authors also thank Trevor Clayton of Bluescope for supplying the steel materials used in the present work. All specimens were fabricated by Gavin Bishop at the University of Wollongong, and were tested with the assistance of Duncan Best.
References
Abaqus. 2014. Abaqus Analysis user’s manual, version 6.14. Providence RI: Dassault Systèmes.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2007. The North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members 2007 edition. Washington, DC: AISI.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2016. The North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members 2016 Edition. ANSI/AISI S100. Washington, DC: AISI.
Carril, J. L., R. A. LaBoube, and W. W. Yu. 1994. Tensile and bearing capacities of bolted connections. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri-Rolla.
Clements, D. D. A., and L. H. Teh. 2013. “Active shear planes of bolted connections failing in block shear.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (3): 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000626.
ECS (European Committee for Standardisation). 2006. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-3: General rules—Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting. EN 1993-1-3:2006. Brussels, Belgium: ECS.
ECS (European Committee for Standardisation). 2010. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-8: Design of joints. EN 1993-1-8:2010. Brussels, Belgium: ECS.
Elliott, M. D., L. H. Teh, and A. Ahmed. 2019. “Behaviour and strength of bolted connections failing in shear.” J. Construct. Steel Res. 153 (Feb): 320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.10.029.
Hancock, G. J. 2007. Design of cold-formed steel structures. 4th ed. Sydney: Australian Steel Institute.
He, Y. C., and Y. C. Wang. 2011. “Load-deflection behaviour of thin-walled plates with a single bolt in shearing.” Thin Walled Struct. 49 (10): 1261–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.05.008.
Pham, C. H., and G. J. Hancock. 2012. “Direct strength design of cold-formed C-sections for shear and combined actions.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (6): 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000510.
Rex, C. O., and W. S. Easterling. 2003. “Behavior and modelling of a bolt bearing on a single plate.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (6): 792–800. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:6(792).
SA (Standards Australia). 2011. Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip—Coatings of zinc and zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium. AS 1397-2011. Sydney: SA.
SA (Standards Australia). 2018. Cold-formed steel structures. AS/NZS 4600:2018. Sydney: SA.
Teh, L. H., and B. P. Gilbert. 2012. “Net section tension capacity of bolted connections in cold-reduced steel sheets.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (3): 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000477.
Teh, L. H., and B. P. Gilbert. 2013. “Net section tension capacity of cold-reduced sheet steel channel braces bolted at the web.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (5): 740–747. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000650.
Teh, L. H., and M. E. Uz. 2014. “Effect of loading direction on the bearing capacity of cold-reduced sheet steels.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (12): 06014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001107.
Teh, L. H., and M. E. Uz. 2015. “Ultimate shear-out capacity of structural steel bolted connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (6): 04014152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001105.
Teh, L. H., and M. E. Uz. 2016. “Combined bearing and shear-out capacities of structural steel bolted connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 04016098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001573.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 4 • April 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 1, 2019
Accepted: Sep 3, 2019
Published online: Jan 21, 2020
Published in print: Apr 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 21, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.