Parametric Studies and Design Rules for Local and Distortional Biaxial-Bending Capacity of Cold-Formed Steel Storage-Rack Uprights
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper first describes a finite element model using advanced analysis to determine the biaxial bending capacity of cold-formed steel storage rack upright sections. The model is found to accurately predict published experimental results with an average predicted to an experimental capacity ratio of 1.02. Second, the validated model is used to run parametric studies and analyze the biaxial response of slender, semicompact and compact unperforated storage rack upright cross sections. Analyses are run for local and distortional buckling failure modes only. Nine biaxial bending configurations are considered per cross section and buckling mode. Results show that a nonlinear interactive relationship typically governs the biaxial bending of the studied uprights. This relationship is discussed and analyzed for the different failure modes and cross-sectional slenderness. The results from the parametric studies are used to verify the accuracy of different forms of published direct strength method (DSM) equations. They consist of the classical DSM equations and the use of inelastic reserve capacity in the DSM with and without using an extended range of the cross-sectional slenderness. Results show that for all investigated buckling modes, the DSM results in better predictions when the inelastic reserve capacity is considered. The appropriate form of the DSM to predict the biaxial capacity of unperforated cold-formed steel storage rack uprights is discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ABAQUS. 2015. Abaqus ver. 6.14 user manual. Providence, RI: ABAQUS.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2016. North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. AISI-S100. Washington, DC: AISI.
AS/NZS (Standards Australia). 2018. Cold-formed steel structures. AS/NZS 4600. Sydney, Australia: AS/NZS.
AS (Standards Australia). 2012. Steel storage racking. AS4084. Sydney, Australia: AS.
Bernuzzi, C., and M. Simoncelli. 2015. “European design approaches for isolated cold-formed thin-walled beam–columns with mono-symmetric cross-section.” Eng. Struct. 86 (Mar): 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.12.040.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General rules. Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting. EN 1993-1-3. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chung, K. F., and K. H. Ip. 2000. “Finite element modeling of bolted connections between cold-formed steel strips and hot rolled steel plates under static shear loading.” Eng. Struct. 22 (10): 1271–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00082-6.
Dubina, D., and V. Ungureanu. 2002. “Effect of imperfections on numerical simulation of instability behaviour of cold-formed steel members.” Thin Walled Struct. 40 (3): 239–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(01)00046-5.
Dubina, D., V. Ungureanu, and I. Szabo. 2000. “Influence of local and sectional geometrical imperfections on the distortional and interactive overall buckling modes of cold-formed members.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Coupled Instabilities in Metal Structures CIMS, 179–188. London: Imperial College Press.
Karren, K. W. 1967. “Corner properties of cold-formed steel shapes.” J. Struct. Eng. 93 (1): 401–432.
Lau, S. C. W., and G. J. Hancock. 1987. “Distortional buckling formulas for channel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 113 (5): 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:5(1063).
Martins, A. D., D. Camotim, and P. B. Dinis. 2017. “On the direct strength design of cold-formed steel columns failing in local-distortional interactive modes.” Thin-Walled Struct. 120 (Nov): 432–445. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.tws.2017.06.027.
Niu, S., K. J. R. Rasmussen, and F. Fan. 2015. “Local–global interaction buckling of stainless steel I-beams. II: Numerical study and design.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (8): 04014195. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001131.
Pham, C. H., and G. J. Hancock. 2013. “Experimental investigation and direct strength design of high-strength, complex C-sections in pure bending.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (11): 1842–1852. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000736.
Put, B. M., Y. L. Pi, and N. Trahair. 1999. “Biaxial bending of cold-formed Z-beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 125 (11): 1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:11(1284).
Riks, E. 1972. “The application of Newton’s method to the problem of elastic stability.” J. Appl. Mech. 39 (4): 1060–1065. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3422829.
Riks, E. 1979. “An incremental approach to the solution of snapping and buckling problems.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 15 (7): 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(79)90081-7.
Schafer, B., and T. Peköz. 1998. “Computational modeling of cold-formed steel: Characterizing geometric imperfections and residual stresses.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 47 (3): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(98)00007-8.
Schafer, B. W. 2008. “Review: The direct strength method of cold-formed steel member design.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 64 (7): 766–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.01.022.
Schafer, B. W., and S. Ádány. 2006. “Buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members using CUFSM: Conventional and constrained finite strip methods.” In Proc., 18th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri–Rolla.
Talebian, N., B. P. Gilbert, C. H. Pham, R. Chariere, and H. Karampour. 2018. “Local and distortional biaxial bending capacities of cold-formed steel storage rack uprights.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (6): 04018062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002029.
Torabian, S., D. C. Fratamico, and B. W. Schafer. 2016. “Experimental response of cold-formed steel zee-section beam-columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 98 (Jan): 496–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.10.016.
Torabian, S., B. Zheng, and B. W. Schafer. 2014a. “Development of a new beam-column design method for cold-formed steel lipped channel members.” In Proc., 22nd Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Design and Construction, 359–376. Toronto: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Torabian, S., B. Zheng, and B. W. Schafer. 2014b. “Experimental study and modeling of cold-formed steel lipped channel stub beam-columns.” In Proc., Annual Stability Conf., Structural Stability Research Council. Toronto: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Torabian, S., B. Zheng, and B. W. Schafer. 2015. “Experimental response of cold-formed steel lipped channel beam-columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 89 (Apr): 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 4, 2018
Accepted: Aug 9, 2019
Published online: Jan 11, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 11, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.