Proposed Updates to the ASCE 41 Nonlinear Modeling Parameters for Wide-Flange Steel Columns in Support of Performance-Based Seismic Engineering
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 9
Abstract
Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are utilized by engineers for performance-based seismic risk evaluation of new and existing structures. In this context, nonlinear component modeling criteria are typically based on ASCE 41 guidelines. Experiments on wide-flange steel columns suggest that the ASCE 41-13 nonlinear component models do not adequately reflect the expected steel column behavior under cyclic loading. To help bridge the gap between state-of-the-art research and engineering practice, this paper proposes new modeling criteria for the first-cycle envelope and monotonic backbone curves of steel wide-flange columns for use in nonlinear static and dynamic frame analyses. The proposed nonlinear provisions include new parameters for concentrated hinge models to facilitate modeling of strength and stiffness deterioration of steel columns under seismic loading. The associated variability in the model parameters is also quantified to facilitate reliability analyses and development of probabilistic acceptance criteria for design. Recommendations are made to account for the influence of bidirectional lateral loading and varying axial load demands on the steel column’s hysteretic behavior. Also proposed is an increase in the compression axial force limit for characterizing columns as force-controlled versus deformation-controlled in line with the new ASCE 41 provisions. The proposed modeling parameters are validated against test data and continuum finite-element analyses, and they are proposed for consideration in future updates to ASCE 41 requirements for nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of steel frame buildings with wide-flange columns.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research forming the basis for this publication was conducted pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Contract No. 1140-22-431). The substance of such work is dedicated to the public. The authors are solely responsible for the accuracy of statements or interpretations contained in this publication. No warranty is offered with regard to the results, findings, and recommendations contained in this paper, either by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or the Applied Technology Council, its directors, members, or employees. These organizations and individuals do not assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any of the information, product, or processes included in this publication. The authors gratefully acknowledge the coauthors and project review panel of the NIST project: Jon Heintz, Ayse Hortacsu, Veronica Cedillos, and ATC colleagues for managing the project and editing the final guidelines; and Steven L. McCabe and colleagues at NIST for their input and guidance throughout the project development process. Additional funding for the second and third authors was provided by an internal EPFL fund and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Project No. 200021_169248). Any opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of sponsors.
References
ABAQUS. 2014. ABAQUS user’s manual. Version 6.14. Providence, RI: ABAQUS.
AISC. 2016a. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016b. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360. Chicago: AISC.
Al-Shawwa, N., and D. G. Lignos. 2013. “Web-based interactive tools for performance-based earthquake engineering.” Accessed April 24, 2019. http://resslabtools.epfl.ch/.
Armstrong, P. J., and C. O. Frederick. 1966. A mathematical representation of the multiaxial bauschinger effect. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories.
ASCE. 2014. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2017a. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2017b. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for structural steel shapes. ASTM A992/A992M-11. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 1997. Guidelines and commentary for seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 273/274. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Bech, D., B. Tremayne, and J. Houston. 2015. “Proposed changes to steel column evaluation criteria for existing buildings.” In Proc., ATC/SEI 2nd Conf. on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures, 255–272. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chaboche, J. L. 1989. “Constitutive equations for cyclic plasticity and cyclic viscoplasticity.” Int. J. Plast. 5 (3): 247–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-6419(89)90015-6.
Chatterjee, S., and A. S. Hadi. 2015. Regression analysis by example. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Chen, Y. Y., L. Niu, and X. Cheng. 2014. “Hysteretic behaviour of H steel columns with large width-thickness ratios under bi-axis moments.” In Proc., 10th National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 21–25. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Cheng, X., Y. Chen, and L. Pan. 2013. “Experimental study on steel beam–columns composed of slender H-sections under cyclic bending.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 88: 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.05.020.
Chopra, A. K., and R. K. Goel. 2001. A modal pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for buildings: Theory and preliminary evaluation. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Deierlein, G. G., S. Bono, J. O. Malley, S. Mazzoni, and C.-M. Uang. 2017. Guidelines for nonlinear structural analysis for design of buildings: Part IIa—Steel moment frames. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Deierlein, G. G., D. G. Lignos, S. Bono, and A. Kanvinde. 2018. “Guidelines on nonlinear dynamic analysis for steel moment frames.” In Proc., 11th National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Los Angeles: EERI.
Deierlein, G. G., A. M. Reinhorn, and M. R. Willford. 2010. Nonlinear structural analysis for seismic design. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Do, T. N., and F. C. Filippou. 2018. “A damage model for structures with degrading response.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (2): 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2952.
Elkady, A., S. Ghimire, and D. G. Lignos. 2018. “Fragility curves for wide-flange steel columns and implications on building-specific earthquake-induced loss assessment.” Earthquake Spectra 34 (3): 1405–1429. https://doi.org/10.1193/122017EQS260M.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2015. “Analytical investigation of the cyclic behavior and plastic hinge formation in deep wide-flange steel beam-columns.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (4): 1097–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9640-y.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. “Full-scale cyclic testing of deep slender wide-flange steel beam-columns under unidirectional and bidirectional lateral drift demands.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (16WCEE). Santiago, Chile: International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018a. “Full-scale testing of deep wide-flange steel columns under multiaxis cyclic loading: Loading sequence, boundary effects, and lateral stability bracing force demands.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (2): 04017189. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001937.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2018b. “Improved seismic design and nonlinear modeling recommendations for wide-flange steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002166.
FEMA. 1997b. NEHRP Commentary on the guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 1997a. NEHRP Guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2000. State of the art report on connection performance. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2009. Effects of strength and stiffness degradation on seismic response. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fox, J. 1991. Regression diagnostics: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Gokkaya, B. U., J. W. Baker, and G. G. Deierlein. 2016. “Quantifying the impacts of modeling uncertainties on the seismic drift demands and collapse risk of buildings with implications on seismic design checks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (10): 1661–1683. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2740.
Hamburger, R., G. Deierlein, D. Lehman, L. Lowes, B. Shing, J. Van de Lindt, D. Lignos, and A. Hortacsu. 2016. “ATC-114 next-generation hysteretic relationships for performance-based modeling and analysis.” In Proc., SEAOC Convention. Sacramento, CA: Structural Engineers Association of California.
Hamburger, R. O., G. G. Deierlein, D. E. Lehman, D. G. Lignos, L. N. Lowes, R. G. Pekelnicky, P.-S. B. Shing, P. Somers, and J. W. Van de Lindt. 2017. Recommended modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for nonlinear analysis in support of seismic evaluation, retrofit, and design. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Hartloper, A. R. 2016. “Updates to the ASCE-41-13 nonlinear modelling provisions for performance-based seismic assessment of new and existing steel moment resisting frames.” Master thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ.
Haselton, C. B., et al. 2017. “Response history analysis for the design of new buildings in the NEHRP provisions and ASCE/SEI 7 standard: Part I. Overview and specification of ground motions.” Earthquake Spectra 33 (2): 373–395. https://doi.org/10.1193/032114EQS039M.
Ibarra, L. F., R. A. Medina, and H. Krawinkler. 2005. “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 34 (12): 1489–1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495.
Kanno, R. 2016. “Advances in steel materials for innovative and elegant steel structures in Japan—A review.” Struct. Eng. Int. 26 (3): 242–253. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686616X14555428759361.
Kolwankar, S., A. Kanvinde, M. Kenawy, D. G. Lignos, and S. Kunnath. 2018. “Simulating local buckling-induced softening in steel members using an equivalent nonlocal material model in displacement-based fiber elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002189.
Krawinkler, H. 2009. “Loading histories for cyclic tests in support of performance assessment of structural components.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Advances in Experimental Seismic Engineering, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Annual Conf. (PEER). Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Krawinkler, H., A. Gupta, R. Medina, and N. Luco. 2000. Development of loading histories for testing of steel beam-to-column assemblies. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Krawinkler, H., M. Zohrei, B. L. Irvani, N. Cofie, and H. H. Tamjed. 1983. Recommendation for experimental studies on the seismic behavior of steel components and materials. Stanford, CA: The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ.
Krishnan, S. 2010. “Modified elastofiber element for steel slender column and brace modeling.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (11): 1350–1366. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000238.
LATBSDC (Los Angeles Tall Building Structural Design Council). 2017. An alternative procedure for seismic analysis and design of tall buildings located in the Los Angeles region. Los Angeles: LATBSDC.
Liel, A. B., C. B. Haselton, G. G. Deierlein, and J. W. Baker. 2009. “Incorporating modeling uncertainties in the assessment of seismic collapse risk of buildings.” Struct. Saf. 31 (2): 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.002.
Lignos, D. G., J. Cravero, and A. Elkady. 2016. “Experimental investigation of the hysteretic behavior of wide-flange steel columns under high axial load and lateral drift demands.” In Proc., 11th Pacific Structural Steel Conf. Beijing: China Steel Construction Society.
Lignos, D. G., and H. Krawinkler. 2011. “Deterioration modeling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376.
Lilliefors, H. W. 1967. “On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality with mean and variance unknown.” J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 62 (318): 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1967.10482916.
MacRae, G. A., A. J. Carr, and W. R. Walpole. 1990. “The seismic response of steel frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Maison, B. F., and M. S. Speicher. 2016. “Loading protocols for ASCE 41 backbone curves.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (4): 2513–2532. https://doi.org/10.1193/010816EQS007EP.
Nakashima, M., K. Takanashi, and H. Kato. 1990. “Test of steel beam-columns subject to sidesway.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (9): 2516–2531. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:9(2516).
Newell, J., and C.-M. Uang. 2008. “Cyclic behavior of steel wide-flange columns subjected to large drift.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (8): 1334–1342. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:8(1334).
NIST–ATC (National Institute of Standards and Technology–Applied Technology Council). 2018. “NIST-ATC blind prediction contest on deep, wide-flange structural steel beam-columns.” Accessed April 24, 2019. https://www.atcouncil.org/atc-106-blind-contest.
Ozkula, G., J. Harris, and C.-M. Uang. 2017. “Observations from cyclic tests on deep, wide-flange beam-columns.” Eng. J. 54 (1): 45–59.
PEER/ATC (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center/Applied Technology Council). 2010. Guidelines for performance-based seismic design of tall buildings. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2017. Guidelines for performance-based seismic design of tall buildings. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Sivaselvan, M. V. 2013. “Hysteretic models with stiffness and strength degradation in a mathematical programming format.” Int. J. Non Linear Mech. 51: 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2012.12.004.
Sousa, A. C., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. On the inverse problem of classic nonlinear plasticity models—An application to cyclically loaded structural steels. Lausanne, Switzerland: Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Development of loading protocols for experimental testing of steel columns subjected to combined lateral drift and high axial load.” In Proc., 10th National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (10th NCEE). Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2015. “Large scale collapse experiments of wide flange steel beam-columns.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas (STESSA). Shanghai, China: Tongji Univ.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. “Collapse behavior of steel columns as part of steel frame buildings: Experiments and numerical models.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. of Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Voce, E. 1948. “The relationship between the stress and strain for homogeneous deformation.” J. Inst. Met. 74: 537–562.
Young, B. W. 1972. “Residual stresses in hot rolled members.” In Proc., Int. Colloquium on Column Strength, 25–38. Paris: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 9 • September 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 4, 2018
Accepted: Dec 7, 2018
Published online: Jun 22, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Nov 22, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.