Abstract

This paper provides perspectives on multihazard engineering in the contemporary structural engineering context in order to frame the breadth and multiple dimensions it encompasses, to summarize recent activities on selected relevant topics, and to highlight possible future directions in research and implementations. A comprehensive overview of all research and points of view on these broad topics is beyond the scope of this paper. Rather, the objective is to provide selected examples to illustrate the nature of the issues and possible solutions, with the understanding that multihazard design is a relatively new endeavor and that the accomplishments in this field for the most part lie ahead. Topics covered include description of the political context that led to multihazard design, review of current return periods and safety indices for various hazards in model design codes, issues related to hazard interaction and cascading effects, considerations for interdependent systems, and structural element optimization to provide multihazard resistance.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

This state-of-the-art paper summarizes the work conducted by a large number of authors funded by an equally broad group of federal, state, public, and private sponsors. Although listing them all is impractical here, the authors sincerely and collectively thank them for support. However, the opinion expressed here are those of the authors alone. As members of the ASCE SEI Technical Committee on Multihazard Mitigation, the authors would also like to acknowledge all members and friends of the committee as this paper in part builds off of discussions on pressing issues of multihazard design and mitigation that emanated from the committee.

References

AASHTO. (2003). Guide manual for condition evaluation and load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) of highway bridges, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2004). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2012). LRFD guide specifications for design of concrete-filled FRP tubes for flexural and axial members, Washington, DC.
ABAQUS/CAE version 6.5-1 [Computer software]. Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorenson, Inc., Pawtucket, RI.
Adachi, T., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2009). “Serviceability assessment of a municipal water system under spatially correlated seismic intensities.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 24(4), 237–248.
Adams, B. J., and Eguchi, R. T. (2008). “Remote sensing for resilient multi-hazard disaster response. Volume I: Introduction to damage assessment methodologies.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 114.
Adams, B. J., and McMillan, A. (2008). “Remote sensing for resilient multi-hazard disaster response. Volume III: Multi-sensor image fusion techniques for robust neighborhood-scale urban damage assessment.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 162.
Agrawal, A. K., Alampalli, S., and Ettouney, M. (2009). Workshop on safety and behavior of bridges subjected to blast in a multi-hazard environment, New York City, NY.
Akiyama, M., and Frangopol, D. M. (2014a). “Reliability of bridges under seismic and tsunami hazards.” Vulnerability, uncertainty, and risk, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 1696–1705.
Akiyama, M., and Frangopol, D. M. (2014b). “Long-term seismic performance of RC structures in an aggressive environment: Emphasis on bridge piers.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 10(7), 865–879.
Akiyama, M., Frangopol, D. M., and Matsuzaki, H. (2011). “Life-cycle reliability of RC bridge piers under seismic and airborne chloride hazards.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(15), 1671–1687.
Alipour, A., and Shafei, B. (2012). “Performance assessment of highway bridges under earthquake and scour effects.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica, Lisboa, Portugal, 24–28.
Alipour, A., Shafei, B., and Shinozuka, M. (2011). “Performance evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges located in high seismic areas.” J. Bridge Eng., 597–611.
Alipour, A., Shafei, B., and Shinozuka, M. (2013). “Reliability-based calibration of load and resistance factors for design of RC bridges under multiple extreme events: Scour and earthquake.” J. Bridge Eng., 362–371.
Anwarul Islam, A. K. M., and Yazdani, N. (2006). “Blast capacity and protection of AASHTO girder bridges.” Proc., 4th Forensic Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Aoude, H., Dagenais, F. P., Burrell, R. P., and Saatcioglu, M. (2015). “Behavior of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete columns under blast loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 80, 185–202.
Arnone, E., Noto, L. V., Lepore, C., and Bras, R. L. (2011). “Physically-based and distributed approach to analyse rainfall-triggered landslides at watershed scale.” Geomorphology, 133(3), 121–131.
ASCE. (1995). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-95, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (1998). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” Chapter 2, Combinations of loads, ASCE 7-98, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2005). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” Chapter 2, Combinations of loads, ASCE 7-05, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2008). “Enhancing bridge performance.” Proc., Bridge Workshop, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” Chapter 2, Combinations of loads, ASCE 7-10, Reston, VA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials.” ASTM E119-08a, West Conshohocken, PA.
Ayyub, B. M., McGill, W. L., and Kaminskiy, M. (2007). “Critical asset and portfolio risk analysis: An all-hazards framework.” Risk Anal., 27(4), 789–801.
Barbato, M., Petrini, F., Unnikrishnan, V. U., and Ciampoli, M. (2013). “Performance-based hurricane engineering (PBHE) framework.” Struct. Saf., 45, 24–35.
Barton, D., and Stamber, K. (2000). “An agent-based microsimulation of critical infrastructure systems.”, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Båth, M. (1965). “Lateral inhomogeneities in the upper mantle.” Tectonophysics, 2(6), 483–514.
Baxter, P., Spence, R., and Zuccaro, G. (2008). “Emergency planning and mitigation at Vesuvius: A new evidence-based approach.” J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 178(3), 454–473.
Bhartia, B. K., and Vanmarcke, E. H. (1988). “Multihazard risk analysis: Case of a simple offshore structure.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 80.
Bisby, L. A., Kodur, V. K. R., and Green, M. F. (2005). “Fire endurance of fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J., 102(6), 883–891.
Bjarnadottir, S., Li, Y., and Stewart, M. G. (2013). “Regional loss estimation due to hurricane wind and hurricane-induced surge considering climate variability.” J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 10(11), 1369–1384.
Bonini, M., Rudolph, M. L., and Manga, M. (2016). “Long- and short-term triggering and modulation of mud volcano eruptions by earthquakes.” Tectonophysics, 672, 190–211.
Bowers, M. E. (2007). “Seismic fragility curves for a typical highway bridge in Charleston, SC considering soil-structure interaction and liquefaction effects.” M.Sc. thesis, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC.
Brailsford, S. (2008). “System dynamics: What’s in it for healthcare simulation modelers.” Proc., 2008 Winter Simulation Conf., IEEE, Piscataway, NJ.
Brandenberg, S. J., Zhang, J., Kashighandi, P., Huo, Y., and Zhao, M. (2011). “Demand fragility surfaces for bridges in liquefied and laterally spreading ground.”, PEER, Berkeley, CA.
Bruneau, M., et al. (2003). “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” EERI Spectra J., 19(4), 733–752.
Bruneau, M., et al. (2005). “White paper on the SDR grand challenges for disaster reduction.”, MCEER, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 40.
Bruneau, M., El-Bahey, S., Fujikura, S., and Keller, D. (2010). “Structural fuses and concrete-filled steel shapes for seismic- and multi-hazard resistant design.” 2010 New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Technical Conf., NZSEE, Wellington, New Zealand.
Bruneau, M., Uang, C. M., and Sabelli, R. (2011). Ductile design of steel structures, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 921.
Buckle, I. G., Friedland, I, Mander, J., Martin, G., Nutt, R., and Power, M. (2006). “Seismic retrofitting manual for highway structures: Part 1—Bridges.”, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Buldyrev, S. V., Parshani, R., Paul, G., Stanley, H. E., and Havlin, S. (2010). “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks.” Nature, 464(7291), 1025–1028.
Bunya, S., et al. (2010). “A high-resolution coupled riverine flow, tide, wind, wind wave, and storm surge model for southern Louisiana and Mississippi. I: Model development and validation.” Mon. Weather Rev., 138(2), 345–377.
Burns, P., Barbosa, A. R., Olsen, M., and Wang, H. (2017). “Multi-hazard damage and loss assessment of a highway bridge network subjected to earthquake and tsunami hazards.” Nat. Hazard. Rev., in press.
Burns, P. O. (2015). “Multi-hazard damage and loss assessment of bridge networks.” M.Sc. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Burrell, R., Aoude, H., and Saatcioglu, M. (2015). “Response of SFRC columns under blast loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014209.
Butler, D. R., Malanson, G. P., and Oelfke, J. (1991). “Potential catastrophic flooding from landslide-dammed lakes, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA.” Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband, 83, 195–209.
Callens, M. G., Gorbatikh, L., and Verpoest, I. (2014). “Ductile steel fibre composites with brittle and ductile matrices.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 61, 235–244.
Canbolat, B. A., Parra-Montesinos, G. J., and Wight, J. K. (2005). “Experimental study on seismic behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composite coupling beams.” ACI Struct. J., 102(1), 159.
Cannon, S. H., Gartner, J. E., Rupert, M. G., Michael, J. A., Rea, A. H., and Parrett, C. (2010). “Predicting the probability and volume of post-wildfire debris flows in the intermountain western United States.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122(1–2), 127–144.
Cannon, S. H., Gartner, J. E., Wilson, R. C., Bowers, J. C., and Laber, J. L. (2008). “Storm rainfall conditions for floods and debris flows from recently burned areas in southwestern Colorado and southern California.” Geomorphology, 96(3), 250–269.
Chai, Y. H., Priestley, M. J. N., and Seible, F. (1991). “Flexural retrofit of circular reinforced concrete bridge columns by steel jackets.”, Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Chandrasekaran, S., and Banerjee, S. (2015). “Retrofit optimization for resilience enhancement of bridges under multihazard scenario.” J. Struct. Eng., C4015012.
Chen, H., Zhang, S., Peng, M., and Zhang, L. M. (2016). “A physically-based multi-hazard risk assessment platform for regional rainfall-induced slope failures and debris flows.” Eng. Geol., 203, 15–29.
Chen, S., Lee, G. C., and Masanobu, S. (2004). “Hazard mitigation for earthquake and subsequent fire.” ⟨http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/International_Research/ANCER/Activities/2004/chen_sw_mceer.pdf⟩ (Sep. 2016).
Chester, D. K. (1993). Volcanoes and society, E. Arnold, London.
Choe, D. E., Gardoni, P., Rosowsky, D., and Haukaas, T. (2008). “Probabilistic capacity models and seismic fragility estimates for RC columns subject to corrosion.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 93(3), 383–393.
Cimellaro, G. P. (2016). Urban resilience for emergency response and recovery, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Clarke, J., and Obrien, E. (2016). “A multi-hazard risk assessment methodology, stress test framework and decision support tool for transport infrastructure networks.” Transp. Res. Procedia, 14, 1355–1363.
Corley, W. G., Mlakar, P. F., Sozen, M. A., and Thorton, C. H. (1998). “The Oklahoma City bombing: Summary and recommendations for multihazard mitigation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 100–112.
Corotis, R. (2007). “An overview, history and context for the consideration of risk in the built environment.” Int. J. Risk Assess. Manage., 7(6/7), 759–772.
Corotis, R. B., and Bonstrom, H. (2015). “Preliminary extension of first order reliability methods for combined seismic and wind hazard loss estimation for a portfolio of buildings.” Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP12), Vancouver, Canada.
Crosta, G. B., and Frattini, P. (2003). “Distributed modelling of shallow landslides triggered by intense rainfall.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3(1/2), 81–93.
Crowley, H., and Bommer, J. J. (2006). “Modelling seismic hazard in earthquake loss models with spatially distributed exposure.” Bull. Earthquake Eng., 4(3), 249–273.
Davis, C. E., Williams, G. D., Williamson, E. B., Marchand, K. A., McKay, A. E., and Bayrak, O. (2009). “Design and detailing guidelines for bridge columns subjected to blast and other extreme loads.” Proc., 2009 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Decò, A., and Frangopol, D. M. (2011). “Risk assessment of highway bridges under multiple hazards.” J. Risk Res., 14(9), 1057–1089.
De Risi, R., and Goda, K. (2016). “Probabilistic earthquake-tsunami multi-hazard analysis: Application to the Tohoku Region, Japan.” Front. Built. Environ., 2, 25.
Dietrich, J., et al. (2010). “A high-resolution coupled riverine flow, tide, wind, wind wave, and storm surge model for southern Louisiana and Mississippi. II: Synoptic description and analysis of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.” Mon. Weather Rev., 138(2), 378–404.
Dong, Y., and Frangopol, D. M. (2015). “Risk and resilience assessment of bridges under mainshock and aftershocks incorporating uncertainties.” Eng. Struct., 83, 198–208.
Dudenhoeffer, D. D., Permann, M. R., and Manic, M. (2006). “CIMS: A framework for infrastructure interdependency modeling and analysis.” Proc., 2006 Winter Simulation Conf., L. F. Perrone, F. P. Wieland, J. Liu, B. G. Lawson, D. M. Nicol, and R. M. Fujimoto, eds., Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 478–485.
Duenas-Osorio, L., and Vemuru, S. M. (2009). “Cascading failures in complex infrastructure systems.” Struct. Saf., 31(2), 157–167.
Duthinh, D., and Simiu, E (2014). “Issues in the codification of load combination criteria for regions subjected to both earthquakes and hurricanes.” Safety, reliability, risk and life-cycle performance of structures and infrastructures, Taylor and Francis, London, 1263–1266.
Echevarria, A., Zaghi, A., Christenson, R., and Accorsi, M. (2016a). “CFFT bridge columns for multihazard resilience.” J. Struct. Eng., C4015002.
Echevarria, A., Zaghi, A. E., Chiarito, V., Christenson, R., and Woodson, S. (2016b). “Experimental comparison of the performance and residual capacity of CFFT and RC bridge columns subjected to blasts.” J. Bridge Eng., 04015026.
Echevarria, A., Zaghi, A. E., Christenson, R., and Plank, R. (2015). “Residual axial capacity comparison of CFFT and RC bridge columns after fire.” Polymers, 7(5), 876–895.
Elgamal, A., Yan, L., Yang, Z., and Conte, J. P. (2008). “Three-dimensional seismic response of Humboldt Bay bridge-foundation-ground system.” J. Struct. Eng., 1165–1176.
Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J. G., Galambos, T. V., and Cornell, C. A. (1982). “Probability-based load criteria: Load factors and load combinations.” J. Struct. Div., 108(5), 978–997.
Ellingwood, B. R., and Redfield, R. (1983). “Ground snow loads for structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 950–964.
Esmaili Zaghi, A. E. (2009). “Seismic design of pipe-pin connections in concrete bridges.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV.
Fakharifar, M., Chen, G., Dalvand, A., and Shamsabadi, A. (2015). “Collapse vulnerability and fragility analysis of substandard RC bridges rehabilitated with different repair jackets under post-mainshock cascading events.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater., 9(3), 345–367.
Fam, A., Cole, B., and Mandal, S. (2007). “Composite tubes as an alternative to steel spirals for concrete members in bending and shear.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(2), 347–355.
Fam, A., Flisak, B., and Rizkalla, S. (2003). “Experimental and analytical modeling of concrete-filled FRP tubes subjected to combined bending and axial loads.” ACI Struct. J., 100(4), 499–509.
Fam, A. Z., and Rizkalla, S. H. (2002). “Flexural behavior of concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer circular tubes.” J. Compos. Constr., 123–132.
Fam, A. Z. Y. H. (2000). “Concrete-filled fibre-reinforced polymer tubes for axial and flexural structural members.” Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
FEMA. (2009). “FEMA P-750: NEHRP recommended seismic provisions for new buildings and other structures.” Council of building seismic safety, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2012). HAZUS-MH 2.1 hurricane model technical manual, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2015). “HAZUS-MH 2.1 software.” Federal emergency management agency, Washington, DC.
Feuillet, N., Cocco, M., Musumeci, C., and Nostro, C. (2006). “Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna.” Geophys. J. Int., 164(3), 697–718.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2003). Recommendations for bridge and tunnel security, Washington, DC.
Fouche, P., and Bruneau, M. (2014). “Blast and seismic resistant concrete-filled double skin tubes and modified steel jacketed bridge columns.”, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 523.
Fouché, P., Bruneau, M., and Chiarito, V. P. (2016). “Modified steel jacketed columns for combined blast and seismic retrofit of existing bridge columns.” J. Bridge Eng., 04016035.
Freeman, G., Lee, J. D., and Ettouney, M. M. (2005). “Multihazard design of tall buildings.” Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 7th World Congress, Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Chicago.
Fujikura, S., and Bruneau, M. (2008). “Experimental and analytical investigation of blast performance of seismically resistant bridge piers.”, MCEER, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Fujikura, S., and Bruneau, M. (2011). “Experimental investigation of seismically resistant bridge piers under blast loading.” J. Bridge Eng., 63–71.
Fujikura, S., and Bruneau, M. (2012). “Dynamic analysis of multi-hazard resistant bridge piers having concrete-filled steel tube under blast loading.” J. Bridge Eng., 249–258.
Fujikura, S., Bruneau, M., and Lopez-Garcia, D. (2007). “Experimental investigation of blast performance of seismically resistant concrete-filled steel tube bridge piers.”, MCEER, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Fujikura, S., Bruneau, M., and Lopez-Garcia, D. (2008). “Experimental investigation of multihazard resistant bridge piers having concrete-filled steel tube under blast loading.” J. Bridge Eng., 586–594.
Fyfe. (2013). “Tyfo® CFP system.” ⟨http://www.fyfeco.com/Products/Fire-Resistant-Systems.aspx⟩ (Jan. 15, 2013).
Gabrieli, A., Wilson, L., and Lane, S. (2015). “Volcano-tectonic interactions as triggers of volcanic eruptions.” Proc. Geol. Assoc., 126(6), 675–682.
Galambos, T. V., Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C. A. (1982). “Probability-based load criteria: Assessment of current design practice.” J. Struct. Div., 108(5), 959–977.
Garcia-Aristizabal, A., and Marzocchi, W. (2013). “New methodologies for multi-hazard and multi-risk assessment methods for Europe (MATRIX project). Deliverable 3.3: Scenarios of cascade events.” ⟨http://matrix.gpi.kit.edu/downloads/MATRIX-D3.03.pdf⟩ (Aug. 29, 2016).
Gefu, J., Li, G., Li, X., Pang, S., and Jones, R. (2008). “Experimental study of FRP tube encased concrete cylinders exposed to fire.” Compos. Struct., 85(2), 149–154.
Ghosh, J., Padgett, J. E, and Sánchez-Silva, M. (2015). “Seismic damage accumulation of highway bridges in earthquake prone regions.” Earthquake Spectra, 31(1), 115–135.
Ghosh, J., and Padgett, J. E. (2010). “Aging considerations in the development of time-dependent seismic fragility curves.” J. Struct. Eng., 1497–1511.
Ghosh, J., and Padgett, J. E. (2011). “Probabilistic seismic loss assessment of aging bridges using a component-level cost estimation approach.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(15), 1743–1761.
Ghosh, J., and Padgett, J. E. (2012). “Impact of multiple component deterioration and exposure conditions on seismic vulnerability of concrete bridges.” Earthquakes Struct., 3(5), 649–673.
Ghosh, J., Rokneddin, K., Padgett, J. E., and Duenas-Osorio, L. (2014). “Seismic reliability assessment of aging highway bridge networks with field instrumentation data and correlated failures. I: Methodology.” Earthquake Spectra, 30(2), 795–817.
Gill, J. C., and Malamud, B. D. (2014). “Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards.” Rev. Geophys., 52(4), 680–722.
Goda, K., and Hong, H. P. (2008). “Estimation of seismic loss for spatially distributed buildings.” Earthquake Spectra, 24(4), 889–910.
Grünthal, G., Thieken, A., Schwarz, J., Radtke, K., Smolka, A., and Merz, B. (2006). “Comparative risk assessments for the city of Cologne—Storms, floods, earthquakes.” Nat. Hazards, 38(1–2), 21–44.
Guo, T., Frangopol, D., Han, D., and Chen, Y. (2011). “Probabilistic assessment of deteriorating prestressed concrete box-girder bridges under increased vehicle loads and aggressive environment.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 564–576.
Gusella, L., Huyck, C. K., and Adams, B. J. (2008). “Remote sensing for resilient multi-hazard disaster response, Volume II: Counting the number of collapsed buildings using an object-oriented analysis: Case study of the 2003 Bam Earthquake.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 82.
Hacıefendioğlu, K., Banerjee, S., Soyluk, K., and Alpaslan, E. (2015). “Stochastic dynamic analysis of a historical masonry bridge under surface blast-induced multi-point ground motion.” Stochastic Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 29(5), 1275–1286.
Hackl, J., Adey, B. T., Heitzler, M., and Iosifescu-Enescu, I. (2015). “An overarching risk assessment process to evaluate the risks associated with infrastructure networks due to natural hazards.” Int. J. Performability Eng., 11(2), 153–168.
Hamilton, R. M. (2003). “Milestones in earthquake research.” ⟨http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/mar03/comment.html⟩ (Nov. 1, 2016).
Harrington, R. M., and Brodsky, E. E. (2007). “Volcanic hybrid earthquakes that are brittle-failure events.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(6), L06308.
Hinkel, J., et al. (2014). “Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111(9), 3292–3297.
Holden, R., Val, D., Burkhard, R., and Nodwell, S. (2013). “A network flow model for interdependent infrastructures at the local scale.” Safety Sci., 53(3), 51–60.
Hung, C. C., and El-Tawil, S. (2011). “Seismic behavior of a coupled wall system with HPFRC materials in critical regions.” J. Struct. Eng., 1499–1507.
Hung, C. C., Yen, W. M., and Yu, K. H. (2016). “Vulnerability and improvement of reinforced ECC flexural members under displacement reversals: Experimental investigation and computational analysis.” Construc. Build. Mater., 107, 287–298.
Imani, R., and Bruneau, M. (2014). “Post-earthquake fire resistance of ductile concrete filled double-skin tube columns.”, MCEER, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 294.
Imani, R., Mosqueda, G., and Bruneau, M. (2015a). “Experimental study on post-earthquake fire resistance of ductile concrete filled double-skin tube columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014192.
Imani, R., Mosqueda, G., and Bruneau, M. (2015b). “Finite element simulation of concrete-filled double-skin tube columns subjected to post-earthquake fires.” J. Struct. Eng., 04015055.
Jalayer, F., Asprone, D., Prota, A., and Manfredi, G. (2011). “Multi-hazard upgrade decision making for critical infrastructure based on life-cycle cost criteria.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(10), 1163–1179.
Jelesnianski, C. P., Chen, J., and Shaffer, W. A. (1992). “SLOSH: Sea, lake, and overland surges from hurricanes.”, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Miami.
Jiménez, M., García-Fernández, M., and Romero, J. (2009). “1989-1995 earthquake sequences in the Galeras volcano region, SW Colombia, and possible volcano–earthquake interactions.” Tectonophysics, 463(1), 47–59.
Kafali, C., and Grigoriu, M. (2008). “System performance under a multi-hazard environment.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 246.
Kameshwar, S., and Padgett, J. E. (2014). “Multi-hazard risk assessment of highway bridges subjected to earthquake and hurricane hazards.” Eng. Struct., 78, 154–166.
Kappes, M. S., Keiler, M., and Glade, T. (2010). “From single- to multi-hazard risk analyses: A concept addressing emerging challenges.” Mountain risks: Bringing science to society, J. P. Malet, T. Glade, and N. Casagli, eds., CERG Ed., Strasbourg, France, 351–356.
Kappes, M. S., Keiler, M., von Elverfeldt, K., and Glade, T. (2012a). “Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: A review.” Nat. Hazards, 64(2), 1925–1958.
Kappes, M. S., Papathoma-Köhle, M., and Keiler, M. (2012b). “Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology.” Appl. Geogr., 32(2), 577–590.
Kapur, J., et al. (2012). “Best practices regarding performance of ABC connections in bridges subjected to multihazard and extreme events.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Kavianipour, F., and Saiidi, M. (2012). “Shake table testing of a quarter-scale 4-span bridge with composite piers.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Bridge Maintenance, Vol. 812, Safety and Management, Stresa, Italy.
Keller, D., and Bruneau, M. (2008). “Development of a steel plate shear wall bridge pier system conceived from a multi-hazard perspective.”, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Kesner, K., and Billington, S. L. (2005). “Investigation of infill panels made from engineered cementitious composites for seismic strengthening and retrofit.” J. Struct. Eng., 1712–1720.
Kim, J.-K. (2014). “A conceptual framework for assessing post-earthquake fire performance of buildings.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, U.K.
Kodur, V. K. R., Bisby, L. A., and Green, M. F. (2007). “Preliminary guidance for the design of FRP-strengthened concrete members exposed to fire.” J. Fire Prot. Eng., 17(1), 5–26.
Kojima, S., et al. (2014). “Large-scale landslides in Toyama Prefecture, central Japan, and their probable relationship with earthquakes.” Environ. Earth Sci., 71(6), 2753–2763.
Kramer, S. L., Arduino, P., and Shin, H. (2008). “Using OpenSees for performance-based evaluation of bridges on liquefiable soils.”, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Kudzys, A. (2006). “Safety of power transmission line structures under wind and ice storms.” Eng. Struct., 28(5), 682–689.
Kumar, R., Gardoni, P., and Sanchez-Silva, M. (2009). “Effect of cumulative seismic damage and corrosion on the life-cycle cost of reinforced concrete bridges.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(7), 887–905.
Lai, J., Guo, X., and Zhu, Y. (2015). “Repeated penetration and different depth explosion of ultra-high performance concrete.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 84, 1–12.
Lee, E. E., Mitchell, J. E., and Wallace, W. A. (2007). “Restoration of services in interdependent infrastructure systems: A network flows approach.” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev., 37(6), 1303–1317.
Lee, R., and Kiremidjian, A. S. (2007). “Uncertainty and correlation for loss assessment of spatially distributed systems.” Earthquake Spectra, 23(4), 753–770.
Lee, Y. J., Song, J., Gardoni, P., and Lim, H.-W. (2011). “Post-hazard flow capacity of bridge transportation network considering structural deterioration of bridges.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 7(7–8), 509–521.
Leicht, E. A., and D’Souza, R. M. (2009). “Percolation on interacting networks.” ⟨https://arxiv.org/abs/0907.0894⟩ (Jul. 6, 2009).
Lequesne, R. D., Setkit, M., Parra-Montesinos, G. J., and Wight, J. K. (2010). “Seismic detailing and behavior of coupling beams with high-performance fiber reinforced concrete.” Symp. on Four Decades of Progress in Prestressed Concrete, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, and Thin Aminate Composites, SP-272, 205–222.
Li, J., Gong, J., and Wang, L. (2009). “Seismic behavior of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete columns strengthened using combined carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and steel jacket.” Construc. Build. Mater., 23(7), 2653–2663.
Li, J., Wu, C., and Hao, H. (2015). “An experimental and numerical study of reinforced ultra-high performance concrete slabs under blast loads.” Mater. Des., 82, 64–76.
Li, Y., Ahuja, A., and Padgett, J. E. (2012a). “A review on assessment, design, and mitigation of multiple hazards.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 104–117.
Li, Y., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2009). “Framework for multihazard risk assessment and mitigation for wood-frame residential construction.” J. Struct. Eng., 159–168.
Li, Y., Song, R., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2014). “Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014095.
Li, Y., and van de Lindt, J. (2012). “Loss-based formulation for multiple hazards with application to residential buildings.” Eng. Struct., 38(1), 123–133.
Li, Y., van de Lindt, J. W., Dao, T., Bjarnadottir, S., and Ahuja, A. (2012). “Loss analysis for combined wind and surge in hurricanes.” Nat. Hazards Rev., 1–10.
Liang, Z., and Lee, G. C. (2013a). “Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. I: Occurrence probabilities.” Earthquake Eng. Vib., 12(2), 229–240.
Liang, Z., and Lee, G. C. (2013b). “Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. II: Failure probabilities.” Earthquake Eng. Vib., 12(2), 241–250.
Lin, N., and Vanmarcke, E. (2010a). “Windborne debris risk analysis. I: Introduction and methodology.” Wind Struct., 13(2), 191–206.
Lin, N., and Vanmarcke, E. (2010b). “Windborne debris risk analysis. II: Application to structural vulnerability modeling.” Wind Struct., 13(2), 207–220.
Luco, N., Ellingwood, B. R., Hamburger, R. O., Hooper, J. D., Kimball, J. K., and Kircher, C. A. (2007). “Risk-targeted versus current seismic design maps for the conterminous United States.” Proc., Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) 2007 Convention, September, Squaw Creek, CA, SEAOC, Sacramento, CA.
Maalej, M., Quek, S. T., and Zhang, J. (2005). “Behavior of hybrid-fiber engineered cementitious composites subjected to dynamic tensile loading and projectile impact.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 143–152.
Marano, G. C., Greco, R., and Morrone, E. (2011). “Analytical evaluation of essential facilities fragility curves by using a stochastic approach.” Eng. Struct., 33(1), 191–201.
Marson, J., and Bruneau, M. (2004). “Cyclic testing of concrete-filled circular steel bridge piers having encased fixed-base detail.” J. Bridge Eng., 14–23.
Mast, R., et al. (1996). “Seismic design of bridges. Design example no. 2: Three-span continuous steel girder bridge.”, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
McBride, A. K., Turek, S. L., Zaghi, A. E., and Burke, K. A. (2017). “Mechanical behavior of hybrid glass/steel fiber reinforced epoxy composites.” Polymers, 9(4), 151.
McDaniels, T., Chang, S., Peterson, K., Mikawoz, J., and Reed, D. (2007). “Empirical framework for characterizing infrastructure failure interdependencies.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 175–184.
McMillan, A., Morley, J. G., Adams, B. J., and Chesworth, S. (2008). “Remote sensing for resilient multi-hazard disaster response. Volume IV: A study of multi-temporal and multi-resolution SAR imagery for post-Katrina flood monitoring in New Orleans.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 96.
Meacham, B. J. (2016). “Post-earthquake fire performance of buildings: Summary of a large-scale experiment and conceptual framework for integrated performance-based seismic and fire design.” Fire Technol., 52(4), 1133–1157.
Meo, M., Marulo, F., Guida, M., and Russo, S. (2013). “Shape memory alloy hybrid composites for improved impact properties for aeronautical applications.” Compos. Struct., 95, 756–766.
Mieler, M. W., and Mitrani-Reiser, J. (2016). “Mitigating multi-scale earthquake impacts: A review of the state-of-the-art in assessing loss of functionality in buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1995). “A novel FRP-concrete composite construction for the infrastructure.” ASCE Structures Congress XIII, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1663–1666.
Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1996). “A new concrete-filled hollow FRP composite column.” Compos. Part B Eng., 27(3), 263–268.
Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1997). “Behavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites.” J. Struct. Eng., 583–590.
Mirmiran, A., Shahawy, M., El Khoury, C., and Naguib, W. (2000). “Large beam-column tests on concrete-filled composite tubes.” ACI Struct. J., 97(2), 268–276.
Mirmiran, A., Shahawy, M., and Samaan, M. (1999). “Strength and ductility of hybrid FRP-concrete beam-columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 1085–1093.
Mitrani-Reiser, J., Luco, N., Ryu, H., and Jones, N. P. (2009). “Virtual building inspection for open risk assessment software.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Structural Safety and Reliability, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Mohamed, H. M., and Masmoudi, R. (2012). “Effect of test parameters on flexural strength of circular fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete beams.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 31(13), 897–914.
Moteff, J. D., and Parfomak, P. (2004). Critical infrastructure and key assets: Definition and identification, congressional research service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Mudd, L., Rosowsky, D., Letchford, C., and Lombardo, F. (2017). “A joint probabilistic wind-rainfall model for tropical cyclone hazard characterization.” J. Struct. Eng., 143(3), 04016195.
Nazari, N., van de Lindt, J., and Li, Y. (2015). “Effect of mainshock-aftershock sequences on woodframe building damage fragilities.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 04014036.
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). (2014). Annual report of the national earthquake hazards reduction program for fiscal year 2014, Washington, DC, 48.
Neri, A., et al. (2008). “Developing an event tree for probabilistic hazard and risk assessment at Vesuvius.” J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 178(3), 397–415.
Neri, M., Le Cozannet, G., Thierry, P., Bignami, C., and Ruch, J. (2013). “A method for multi-hazard mapping in poorly known volcanic areas: An example from Kanlaon (Philippines).” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13(8), 1929–1943.
Nicholls, R. J., Hoozemans, F. M., and Marchand, M. (1999). “Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses.” Global Environ. Change, 9(S1), S69–S87.
Nowak, A. S. (1993). “Live load model for highway bridges.” Struct. Saf., 13(1–2), 53–66.
Nowak, A. S. (1995). “Calibration of LRFD bridge code.” J. Struct. Eng., 1245–1251.
Nowak, A. S., Yamani, A. S., and Tabsh, S. W. (1994). “Probabilistic models for resistance of concrete bridge girders.” ACI Struct. J., 91(3), 269–276.
O’Connor, J. S., and McAnany, P. D. (2008). “Damage to engineered bridges from wind, storm surge and debris in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 154.
Omori, F. (1894). “On the aftershocks of earthquakes.” J. Coll. Sci., 7, 111–200.
OpenSees v2.4.2 [Computer software]. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Optimizing. (2016). ⟨http://dictionary.com⟩ (Nov. 1, 2016).
Ouyang, M. (2014). “Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Reliability Eng. Syst. Saf., 121(1), 43–60.
Ouyang, M., and Duenas-Osorio, L. (2011). “An approach to design interface topologies across interdependent urban infrastructure systems.” J. Reliability Eng. Syst. Saf., 96(11), 1462–1473.
Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2013). “Compressive behavior of concrete-filled FRP tube columns: Assessment of critical column parameters.” Eng. Struct., 51, 188–199.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Akin, E. (2012). “Behavior of FRP-confined normal-and high-strength concrete under cyclic axial compression.” J. Compos. Constr., 451–463.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Saatcioglu, M. (2007). “Seismic performance of square high-strength concrete columns in FRP stay-in-place formwork.” J. Struct. Eng., 44–56.
Padgett, J., Ghosh, J., and Ataei, N. (2010). “Sensitivity of dynamic response of bridges under multiple hazards to aging parameters.” Structures Congress 2010: 19th Analysis and Computation Specialty Conf., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–12.
Padgett, J. E., et al. (2008). “Bridge damage and repair costs from Hurricane Katrina.” J. Bridge Eng., 6–14.
Padgett, J. E., and Kameshwar, S. (2016). “Supporting life cycle management of bridges through multi-hazard reliability and risk assessment.” Multi-hazard approaches to civil infrastructure engineering, P. Gardoni, ed., Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 41–58.
Pang, W., Pei, B., Testik, F., and Ravichandran, N. (2014). “Loss estimation for combined hurricane wind and surge for Charleston South Carolina.” Safety, reliability, risk and life-cycle performance of structures and infrastructures, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1227–1232.
Park, H., Cox, D. T., Alam, M. S., and Barbosa, A. R. (2017). “Probabilistic seismic and tsunami hazard analysis (PSTHA) conditioned on a mega-thrust rupture of the Cascadia subduction zone.” Front. Built Environ., 3, 32.
Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., and Li, Y. (2014). “ABV procedure combined with mechanistic response modeling for wind-surge loss estimation in hurricanes.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 206–215.
Pei, B., Pang, W., Testik, F., Ravichandran, N., and Liu, F. (2014). “Mapping joint hurricane wind and surge hazards for Charleston, South Carolina.” Nat. Hazards, 74(2), 375–403.
Penderson, P., Dedenhoeffer, D., Hartley, S., and Permann, M. (2006). “Critical infrastructure interdependency modeling: A survey of US and international research.”, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID.
Phan, L. T., Simiu, E., McInerney, M. A., Taylor, A., Glahn, B., and Powell, M. D. (2007). “Methodology for development of design criteria for joint hurricane wind speed and storm surge events: Proof of concept.”, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
Pita, G., et al. (2012). “Assessment of hurricane-induced internal damage to low-rise buildings in the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 104–106, 76–87.
Potra, A. F., and Simiu, E. (2009). “Optimization and multihazard structural design.” J. Eng. Mech., 1472–1475.
Prasad, G. G., and Banerjee, S. (2013). “The impact of flood-induced scour on seismic fragility characteristics of bridges.” J. Earthquake Eng., 17(6), 803–828.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges, Wiley, New York.
Purvis, M. J., Bates, P. D., and Hayes, C. M. (2008). “A probabilistic methodology to estimate future coastal flood risk due to sea level rise.” Coastal Eng., 55(12), 1062–1073.
Qasrawi, Y., Heffernan, P. J., and Fam, A. (2015a). “Dynamic behaviour of concrete filled FRP tubes subjected to impact loading.” Eng. Struct., 100, 212–225.
Qasrawi, Y., Heffernan, P. J., and Fam, A. (2015b). “Performance of concrete-filled FRP tubes under field close-in blast loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 04014067.
Qasrawi, Y., Heffernan, P. J., and Fam, A. (2016). “Numerical modeling of concrete-filled FRP tubes’ dynamic behavior under blast and impact loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 04015106.
Ray, J. C. (2006). “Validation of numerical modeling and analysis of steel bridge towers subjected to blast loadings.” Proc., 2006 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Reed, D. A., Friedland, C. J., Wang, S., and Massarra, C. C. (2016). “Multi-hazard system-level logit fragility functions.” Eng. Struct., 122, 14–23.
Ribeiro, F. L. A., Barbosa, A. R., and Neves, L. A. C. (2014). “Application of reliability-based robustness assessment of steel moment resisting frame structures under post-mainshock cascading events.” J. Struct. Eng., A4014008.
Rinaldi, S., Peerenboom, J., and Kelly, T. (2001). “Identifying understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies.” IEEE Control Syst. Mag., 21(6), 11–25.
Rokneddin, K., Ghosh, J., Duenas-Osorio, L., and Padgett, J. E. (2014). “Seismic reliability assessment of aging highway bridge networks with field instrumentation data and correlated failures. II: Applications.” Earthquake Spectra, 30(2), 819–843.
Rokneddin, K., Ghosh, J., Dueñas-Osorio, L., and Padgett, J. E. (2013). “Bridge retrofit prioritisation for ageing transportation networks subject to seismic hazards.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 9(10), 1050–1066.
Rosowsky, D. V., Mudd, L., and Letchford, C. (2016). “Assessing climate change impact on the joint wind-rain hurricane hazard for the northeastern U.S. coastline.” Risk analysis of natural hazards: Interdisciplinary challenges and integrated solutions, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 113–134.
Ruiz-García, J., and Negrete-Manriquez, J. C. (2011). “Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences.” Eng. Struct., 33(2), 621–634.
Sabelli, R., and Bruneau, M. (2006). Steel plate shear walls (AISC design guide), American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, 144.
Salman, A., and Li, Y. (2016). “Multi-hazard risk assessment of electric power systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 04016198.
Santos, J., and Haimes, Y. (2004). “Modeling the demand reduction input output inoperability due to terrorism of interconnected infrastructures.” Risk Anal., 24(6), 1437–1451.
Satumtira, G., and Dueñas-Osorio, L. (2010). “Synthesis of modeling and simulation methods on critical infrastructure interdependencies research.” Sustainable infrastructure systems: Simulation, imaging, and intelligent engineering, K. Gopalakrishnan and S. Peeta, eds., Springer, New York.
Schmidt, J., et al. (2011). “Quantitative multi-risk analysis for natural hazards: A framework for multi-risk modelling.” Nat. hazards, 58(3), 1169–1192.
SDR (Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction). (2005). “Grand challenges for disaster reduction.” Rep. of the subcommittee on disaster reduction, National Science and Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Washington, DC.
SDR (Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction). (2016). “Charter of the Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction, Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability, National Science and Technology Council.” ⟨http://www.sdr.gov/docs/SDR%20Charter.pdf⟩ (Nov. 20, 2016).
Sebastian, A., Dupuits, E. J. C., and Morales-Nápoles, O. (2017). “Applying a Bayesian network based on Gaussian copulas to model the hydraulic boundary conditions for hurricane flood risk analysis in a coastal watershed.” Coastal Eng., 125, 42–50.
Sekizawa, A., Ebihara, M., and Notake, H. (2003). “Development of seismic-induced fire risk assessment method for a building.” Proc., 7th Int. Symp., International Association for Fire Safety Science, Wales, U.K., 309–320.
Self, S. (2006). “The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 364(1845), 2073–2097.
Shafieezadeh, A., Onyewuchi, U. P., Begovic, M. M., and DesRoches, R. (2014). “Age-dependent fragility models of utility wood poles in power distribution networks against extreme wind hazards.” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 29(1), 131–139.
Shi, Y., Zohrevand, P., and Mirmiran, A. (2013). “Assessment of cyclic behavior of hybrid FRP concrete columns.” J. Bridge Eng., 553–563.
Shinozuka, M., Hwang, H., and Reich, M. (1984). “Reliability assessment of reinforced concrete containment structures.” Nucl. Eng. Des., 80(2), 247–267.
Simon, J., Bracci, J. M., and Gardoni, P. (2010). “Seismic response and fragility of deteriorated reinforced concrete bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 1273–1281.
Sokolov, V., and Wenzel, F. (2011). “Influence of ground-motion correlation on probabilistic assessments of seismic hazard and loss: Sensitivity analysis.” Bull. Earthquake Eng., 9(5), 1339–1360.
Song, G., Ma, N., and Li, H. N. (2006). “Applications of shape memory alloys in civil structures.” Eng. Struct., 28(9), 1266–1274.
Song, J., and Ok, S.-Y. (2010). “Multi-scale system reliability analysis of lifeline networks under earthquake hazards.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(3), 259–279.
Song, R., Li, Y., and Van de Lindt, J. W. (2016). “Loss estimation of steel buildings to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences.” Struct. Saf., 61, 1–11.
SPUR. (2009). The resilient city: Defining what San Francisco needs from its seismic mitigation policies, San Francisco.
Stewart, L. K., and Durant, B. (2016). “Experimental and analysis methods for blast mitigating designs in civil infrastructure.” Multi-hazard approaches to civil infrastructure engineering, P. Gardoni and J. LaFave, Springer, New York.
Taflanidis, A. A., et al. (2013). “Rapid assessment of wave and surge risk during landfalling hurricanes: Probabilistic approach.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng., 171–182.
Tarvainen, T., Jarva, J., and Greiving, S. (2006). “Spatial pattern of hazards and hazard interactions in Europe.” Natural and technological hazards and risks affecting the spatial development of European regions, P. Schmidt-Thomé, ed., Vol. 42, Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland, 83–91.
Thanapol, Y., Akiyama, M., and Frangopol, D. (2016). “Updating the seismic reliability of existing RC structures in a marine environment by incorporating the spatial steel corrosion distribution: Application to bridge piers.” J. Bridge Eng., 04016031.
Tobias, D. H., et al. (2014). “Multihazard extreme event design for accelerated bridge construction.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 02514001.
Torres, J., et al. (2015). “Characterizing the hydraulic interactions of hurricane storm surge and rainfall-runoff for the Houston–Galveston region.” Coastal Eng., 106, 7–19.
Umbal, J. V., and Rodolfo, K. S. (1996). “The 191 lahars of Southwestern Mount Pinatubo and evolution of the Lahar-Dammed Mapanuepe Lake.” Fire and mud: Eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, C. G. Newhall and R. Punongbayan, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, Philippines, 951–970.
Unnikrishnan, V. U., and Barbato, M. (2016). “Performance-based comparison of different storm mitigation techniques for residential buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 04016011.
Unnikrishnan, V. U., and Barbato, M. (2017). “Multi-hazard interaction effects on the performance of low-rise wood-frame housing in hurricane-prone regions.” J. Struct. Eng., 04017076.
Unobe, I. D., and Sorensen, A. D. (2015). “Multi-hazard analysis of a wind turbine concrete foundation under wind fatigue and seismic loadings.” Struct. Saf., 57, 26–34.
U.S. Congress. (1995). “Reducing earthquake losses. Appendix A: The national earthquake hazards reduction program.”, Washington, DC.
Utsu, T. (1961). “A statistical study on the occurrence of aftershocks.” Geophys. Mag., 30(4), 521–605.
van Westen, C., Kappes, M. S., Luna, B. Q., Frigerio, S., Glade, T., and Malet, J.-P. (2014). “Medium-scale multi-hazard risk assessment of gravitational processes.” Mountain risks: From prediction to management and governance, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 201–231.
Vickery, P., Lin, J., Skerlj, P., Twisdale, L. A., and Huang, K. (2006a). “HAZUS-MH hurricane model methodology. I: Hurricane hazard, terrain, and wind load modeling.” Nat. Hazards Rev., 82–93.
Vickery, P., Skerlj, P., Lin, J., Twisdale, L. A., Young, M. A., and Lavelle, F. M. (2006b). “HAZUS-MH hurricane model methodology. II: Damage and loss estimation.” Nat. Hazards Rev., 94–103.
Wahl, T., Jain, S., Bender, J., Meyers, S. D., and Luther, M. E. (2015). “Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities.” Nat. Climate Change, 5(12), 1093–1097.
Wallace, W. A., Mendonca, D. M., Lee, E. E., Mitchell, J. E., and Chow Wallace, J. H. (2003). “Managing disruptions to critical interdependent infrastructures in the context of the 2001 World Trade Center attack.” Beyond September 11th: An account of post-disaster research, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 165–198.
Walter, T. R., and Amelung, F. (2006). “Volcano-earthquake interaction at Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 111(B5), B05204.
Wang, Z. (2014a). “Risk-based design of bridges and associated transportation networks under natural hazards.” Ph.D. dissertation, Rice Univ., Houston.
Wang, Z., Dueñas-Osorio, L., and Padgett, J. E. (2014b). “Influence of scour effects on the seismic response of reinforced concrete bridges.” Eng. Struct., 76, 202–214.
Wang, Z., Padgett, J. E., and Dueñas-Osorio, L. (2014c). “Risk-consistent calibration of load factors for the design of reinforced concrete bridges under the combined effects of earthquake and scour hazards.” Eng. Struct., 79, 86–95.
Wang, Z., Song, W., and Li, T. (2012). “Combined fragility surface analysis of earthquake and scour hazards for bridge.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica, Lisboa, Portugal, 24–28.
Wen, Y. K., and Kang, Y. J. (2001). “Minimum building life-cycle cost design criteria. I: Methodology.” J. Struct. Eng., 330–337.
White, R., and McCausland, W. (2016). “Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions.” J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 309, 139–155.
Williamson, E., Bayrak, O., Davis, C., and Williams, D. (2011a). “Performance of bridge columns subjected to blast loads. I: Experimental program.” J. Bridge Eng., 693–702.
Williamson, E., Bayrak, O., Davis, C., and Williams, D. (2011b). “Performance of bridge columns subjected to blast loads. II: Results and recommendations.” J. Bridge Eng., 703–710.
Williamson, E., and Williams, D. (2009). “Prediction of airblast loads on bridge columns.” Proc., 80th Shock and Vibration Symp., SAVIAC, San Diego.
Williamson, E. B., and Winget, D. G. (2005). “Risk management and design of critical bridges for terrorist attacks.” J. Bridge Eng., 96–106.
Winget, D. G., Marchand, K. A., and Williamson, E. B. (2005). “Analysis and design of critical bridges subjected to blast loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 1243–1255.
Winget, D. G., Williamson, E., Marchand, K. A., and Gannon, J. C. (2008). “Recommendations for blast design and retrofit of typical highway bridges.” Transp. Res. Rec., 11-S, 1–8.
Womble, A. J., Ghosh, S., Adams, B., and Friedland, C. J. (2006). “Advanced damage detection for Hurricane Katrina: Integrating remote sensing and VIEWSTM field reconnaissance.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Womble, J. R., Mehta, K., and Adams, B. J. (2008). “Remote sensing for resilient multihazard disaster response. Volume V: Integration of remote sensing imagery and VIEWS field data for post-hurricane charley building damage assessment.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, 102.
Wu, C., and Hao, H. (2005). “Modeling of simultaneous ground shock and airblast pressure on nearby structures from surface explosions.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 31(6), 699–717.
Yi, Z. (2009). “Blast load effects on highway bridges.” Ph.D. dissertation, City Univ. of New York, New York.
Yi, Z., Agrawal, A. K., Ettouney, M., and Alampalli, S. (2014). “Blast load effects on highway bridges. II: Failure modes and multihazard correlations.” J. Bridge Eng., 04013024.
Yin, Y.-J., and Li, Y. (2011a). “Loss estimation of light-frame wood construction subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 504–513.
Yin, Y.-J., and Li, Y. (2011b). “Probabilistic loss assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to combined seismic and snow loads.” Eng. Struct., 33(2), 380–390.
Youssef, M. A., Alam, M. S., and Nehdi, M. (2008). “Experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of beam-column joints reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloys.” J. Earthquake Eng., 12(7), 1205–1222.
Zaghi, A. E., et al. (2016). “Establishing common nomenclature, characterizing the problem, and identifying future opportunities in multihazard design.” J. Struct. Eng., H2516001.
Zaghi, A. E., and Saiidi, M. (2010). “Seismic design of pipe-pin connections in concrete bridges.”, Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV.
Zaghi, A. E., Saiidi, M. S., and Mirmiran, A. (2012). “Shake table response and analysis of a concrete-filled FRP tube bridge column.” Compos. Struct., 94(5), 1564–1574.
Zhang, J., Huo, T., Brandenberg, S. J., and Kashighandi, P. (2008). “Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib., 7(4), 369–382.
Zhang, J., Maalej, M., and Quek, S. T. (2007). “Performance of hybrid-fiber ECC blast/shelter panels subjected to drop weight impact.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 855–863.
Zhang, P., and Peeta, S. (2011). “A generalized modeling framework to analyze interdependencies among infrastructure systems.” Transp. Res. Part B, 45(3), 553–579.
Zhang, S., Wang, G., and Sa, W. (2013). “Damage evaluation of concrete gravity dams under mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 50, 16–27.
Zhang, S., Zhang, L. M., and Glade, T. (2014). “Characteristics of earthquake- and rain-induced landslides near the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake.” Eng. Geol., 175, 58–73.
Zimmerman, R. (2010). “Social implications of infrastructure network interactions.” J. Urban Technol., 8(3), 97–119.
Zuccaro, G., Cacace, F., Baxter, P. J., and Spence, R. (2008). “Impact of explosive scenarios at Vesuvius.” J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 178(3), 416–453.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143Issue 10October 2017

History

Received: Nov 30, 2016
Accepted: May 17, 2017
Published online: Jul 25, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Dec 25, 2017

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Professor, Univ. at Buffalo-SUNY, Ketter Hall, #212, Buffalo, NY 14260 (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-468X. E-mail: [email protected]
Michele Barbato, M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Louisiana State Univ., 3316R Patrick F. Taylor, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. E-mail: [email protected]
Jamie E. Padgett, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Rice Univ., 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005. E-mail: [email protected]
Arash E. Zaghi, M.ASCE [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Univ. of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]
Judith Mitrani-Reiser, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins Univ., 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218. E-mail: [email protected]
Yue Li, M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve Univ., 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share