Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Sliding-Rocking Columns Subjected to Earthquake Excitation
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel element formulation for the dynamic analysis of bridges incorporating posttensioned segmental columns with hybrid sliding-rocking (HSR) joints distributed over their height. These columns are termed HSR columns. Bridges with HSR columns combine construction rapidity with superior seismic performance through joint sliding and rocking, thereby offering large deformation capacity with low damage, energy dissipation and self-centering properties. Hybrid sliding-rocking columns are typically designed, under quasi-static (single-mode) conditions, to exhibit rocking at the end joints and sliding at the intermediate joints over the column height. However, when HSR columns are subjected to arbitrary dynamic loading, any joint can exhibit sliding or rocking or both, depending on the intensity and frequency content of the applied load. As a result, there is a need for models capable of predicting such complex responses. The proposed two-node HSR element formulation combines a gradient inelastic (GI) flexibility-based (FB) beam-column element formulation that accounts for member material deformations and joint rocking with a hysteretic friction model that accounts for joint sliding. Joint rocking is considered within the GI FB element via a joint cross section of zero tensile strength. The proposed HSR element addresses major deficiencies of existing modeling approaches, including strain localization and loss of objectivity (lack of convergence with mesh refinements) due to the cross section of zero tensile strength. The proposed HSR element formulation is utilized to simulate two past experiments: a quasi-static test on an HSR column and a shake table test on a single-span bridge with two single-column HSR piers. None of the computational simulations exhibit instabilities in the numerical solution, which are common in analyses with models including friction elements subjected to rapidly fluctuating contact loads, demonstrating the good stability properties of the proposed HSR element formulation. The analysis results match the test data reasonably well, particularly in terms of peak forces and displacements, demonstrating that the proposed formulation can be used to further investigate the design and performance of HSR systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. CMMI 1538585 for this research is gratefully acknowledged. The opinions, findings, and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.
References
ABAQUS [Computer software]. Dassault Systèmes, Providence, RI.
Abdelkarim, O. I., and ElGawady, M. A. (2015). “Analytical and finite-element modeling of FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular columns.” J. Bridge Eng., B4014005.
Ameli, M. J., and Pantelides, C. P. (2016). “Seismic analysis of precast concrete bridge columns connected with grouted splice sleeve connectors.” J. Struct. Eng., 04016176.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement.” ASTM A615/A615M, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard specification for steel strand, uncoated seven-wire for prestressed concrete.” ASTM A416/A416M, West Conshohocken, PA.
Billington, S. L., and Yoon, J. (2004). “Cyclic response of unbonded posttensioned precast columns with ductile fiber-reinforced concrete.” J. Bridge Eng., 353–363.
Bu, Z., Guo, J., Zheng, R., Song, J., and Lee, G. C. (2016). “Cyclic performance and simplified pushover analyses of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with circular section.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr., 15(2), 297–312.
Coleman, J., and Spacone, E. (2001). “Localization issues in force-based frame elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 1257–1265.
CSI (Computers and Structures, Inc.). (2009). CSI analysis reference manual for SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE and CSiBridge, Berkeley, CA.
Dawood, H. M., and ElGawady, M. (2013). “Performance-based seismic design of unbonded precast post-tensioned concrete filled GFRP tube piers.” Compos. Part B Eng., 44(1), 357–367.
Dawood, H. M., ElGawady, M., and Hewes, J. (2011). “Behavior of segmental precast posttensioned bridge piers under lateral loads.” J. Bridge Eng., 735–746.
ElGawady, M. A., and Dawood, H. M. (2012). “Analysis of segmental piers consisted of concrete filled FRP tubes.” Eng. Struct., 38, 142–152.
Figg, L., and Pate, W. D. (2004). “Precast concrete segmental bridges—America’s beautiful and affordable icons.” PCI J., 49(5), 26–38.
Freyermuth, C. L. (1999). “Ten years of segmental achievements and projections for the next century.” PCI J., 44(3), 36–52.
Giuffrè, A., and Pinto, P. E. (1970). “Il comportamento del cemento armato per sollecitazioni cicliche di forte intensità.” Giornale del Genio Civile, 5(1), 391–408 (in Italian).
Guerrini, G., Restrepo, J. I., Massari, M., and Vervelidis, A. (2014). “Seismic behavior of posttensioned self-centering precast concrete dual-shell steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014115.
Haraldsson, O. S., Janes, T. M., Eberhard, M. O., and Stanton, J. F. (2013). “Seismic resistance of socket connection between footing and precast column.” J. Bridge Eng., 910–919.
Haraldsson, O. S., Pang, J. B. K., Stanton, J. F., and Eberhard, M. O. (2009). “A precast concrete bridge bent for seismic regions.” Proc., Special Int. Workshop on Seismic Connection Details for Segmental Bridge Construction, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY.
Hewes, J. T. (2007). “Seismic tests on precast segmental concrete columns with unbonded tendons.” Bridge Struct. Assess. Des. Constr., 3(3), 215–227.
Hewes, J. T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (2002). “Seismic design and performance of precast concrete segmental bridge columns.”, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Ichikawa, S., Matsuzaki, H., Moustafa, A., ElGawady, M. A., and Kawashima, K. (2016). “Seismic-resistant bridge columns with ultrahigh-performance concrete segments.” J. Bridge Eng., 04016049.
Kurama, Y., Pessiki, S., Sause, R., and Lu, L.-W. (1999). “Seismic behavior and design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” PCI J., 44(3), 72–89.
Lee, W., Jeong, H., Billington, S., Mahin, S., and Sakai, J. (2007). “Post-tensioned structural concrete bridge piers with self-centering characteristics.” Proc., Structures Congress 2007, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–15.
Lehman, D. E., and Roeder, C. W. (2012). “Foundation connections for circular concrete-filled tubes.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 78, 212–225.
Madhusudhanan, S., and Sideris, P. (2015). “Direct displacement-based seismic design and validation for hybrid sliding-rocking bridge substructure systems.” Structures Congress 2015, ASCE, Reston, VA, 497–513.
Mander, J. B., and Cheng, C.-T. (1997). “Seismic design of bridge piers based on damage avoidance design.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY.
Marriott, D., Pampanin, S., and Palermo, A. (2009). “Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing of unbonded post-tensioned rocking bridge piers with external replaceable dissipaters.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(3), 331–354.
Marsh, M. L., Wernli, M., Garrett, B. E., Stanton, J. F., Eberhard, M. O., and Weinert, M. D. (2011). “Synthesis on system performance of accelerated bridge construction connections in moderate-to-high seismic regions.” NCHRP Rep. 698, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board of National Academies, Washington, DC.
Matsumoto, E. E., Waggoner, M. C., Kreger, M. E., Vogel, J., and Wolf, L. (2008). “Development of a precast concrete bent-cap system.” PCI J., 53(3), 74–99.
Mattock, A. H. (1979). “Flexural strength of prestressed concrete sections by programmable calculator.” PCI J., 24(1), 32–54.
Motaref, S., Saiidi, M., and Sanders, D. (2014). “Shake table studies of energy dissipating segmental bridge columns.” J. Bridge Eng., 186–199.
Nikoukalam, M. T., and Sideris, P. (2016). “Low-damage post-tensioned segmental bridge columns with flexible end joints for seismic accelerated bridge construction.” J. Transp. Res. Board Struct., 2592, 151–161.
Nikoukalam, M. T., and Sideris, P. (2017). “Resilient bridge rocking columns with polyurethane damage-resistant end segments and replaceable energy dissipating links.” J. Bridge Eng., 04017064.
OpenSees version 2.2.2 [Computer software]. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
OSI. (2011). “Construction silicone sealant.” ⟨http://www.osipro.com/products.pl?id=HM-270⟩ (Apr. 2011).
Ou, Y.-C., Tsai, M. S., Chang, K. C., and Lee, G. C. (2010a). “Cyclic behavior of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with high performance or conventional steel reinforcing bars as energy dissipation bars.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(11), 1181–1198.
Ou, Y.-C., Wang, P.-H., Tsai, M.-S., Chang, K.-C., and Lee, G. C. (2010b). “Large-scale experimental study of precast segmental unbonded posttensioned concrete bridge columns for seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng., 255–264.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., and Carr, A. (2005). “Efficiency of simplified alternative modeling approaches to predict the seismic response of precast concrete hybrid systems.” FIB Symp. “Keep Concrete Attractive,” International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Pang, J. B., Eberhard, M. O., and Stanton, J. F. (2010). “Large-bar connection for precast bridge bents in seismic regions.” J. Bridge Eng., 231–239.
Pantelides, C. P., Ameli, M. J., Parks, J. E., and Brown, D. N. (2014). “Seismic evaluation of grouted splice sleeve connections for precast RC bridge piers in ABC.”, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Perez, F. J., Sause, R., and Pessiki, S. (2007). “Analytical and experimental lateral load behavior of unbonded posttensioned precast concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 1531–1540.
Restrepo, J. I., Tobolski, M. J., and Matsumoto, E. E. (2011). “Development of a precast bent cap system for seismic regions.” NCHRP Rep. 681, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board of National Academies, Washington, DC.
Roh, H. (2007). “Seismic behavior of structures using rocking columns and viscous dampers.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Roh, H., and Reinhorn, A. M. (2010). “Nonlinear static analysis of structures with rocking columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 532–542.
Salehi, M., and Sideris, P. (2016). “Nonlinear dynamic analysis of hybrid sliding-rocking bridges.” Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016, ASCE, Reston, VA, 90–102.
Salehi, M., and Sideris, P. (2017). “Refined gradient inelastic flexibility-based formulation for members subjected to arbitrary loading.” J. Eng. Mech., 04017090.
Salehi, M., Sideris, P., and Liel, A. (2017). “Seismic collapse analysis of RC framed structures using the gradient inelastic force-based element formulation.” 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo.
Scott, B. D., Park, R., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1982). “Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 79(1), 13–27.
Shen, Q., Kurama, Y., and Weldon, B. D. (2006). “Seismic analysis, behavior, and design of unbonded post-tensioned hybrid coupled wall structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.
Shrestha, K. C., Saiidi, M. S., and Cruz, C. A. (2015). “Advanced materials for control of post-earthquake damage in bridges.” Smart Mater. Struct., 24(2), 025035.
Sideris, P. (2012). “Seismic analysis and design of precast concrete segmental bridges.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Sideris, P. (2015). “Nonlinear quasi-static analysis of hybrid sliding-rocking bridge columns subjected to lateral loading.” Eng. Struct., 101, 125–137.
Sideris, P., Anagnostopoulou, M., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2010). “Seismic performance of precast segmental bridges.” Proc., 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Sideris, P., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2014a). “Effects of anchorage hardware on the cyclic tensile response of unbonded monostrands.” PCI J., 59(3), 60–77.
Sideris, P., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2014b). “Large-scale seismic testing of a hybrid sliding-rocking posttensioned segmental bridge system.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014025.
Sideris, P., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2014c). “Quasi-static cyclic testing of a large-scale hybrid sliding-rocking segmental column with slip-dominant joints.” J. Bridge Eng., 04014036.
Sideris, P., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2015). “Experimental seismic performance of a hybrid sliding-rocking bridge for various specimen configurations and seismic loading conditions.” J. Bridge Eng., 04015009.
Sideris, P., and Salehi, M. (2016). “A gradient-inelastic flexibility-based frame element formulation.” J. Eng. Mech., 04016039.
Spieth, H. A., Carr, A. J., Murahidy, A. G., Arnolds, D., Davies, M., and Mander, J. B. (2004). “Modelling of post-tensioned precast reinforced concrete frame structures with rocking beam-column connections.” 2004 NZSEE Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Tazarv, M., and Saiidi, M. S. (2013). “Emulative moment-resistant RC bridge column-footing connection for accelerated bridge construction in high seismic zone.” 7th National Seismic Conf. on Bridges and Highways, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Wang, Z., Song, W., Wang, Y., and Wei, H. (2011). “Numerical analytical model for seismic behavior of prestressing concrete bridge column systems.” 12th East Asia-Pacific Conf. on Structural Engineering and Construction, Dept. of Building and Construction, City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Weinert, M. D. (2011). “Substructure connections for accelerated bridge construction in seismic regions.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
White, S. L. (2014). “Controlled damage rocking systems for accelerated bridge construction.” M.Eng. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 11 • November 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 5, 2016
Accepted: May 3, 2017
Published online: Aug 29, 2017
Published in print: Nov 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jan 29, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.