Revised Seismic Intensity Parameters for Middle-Field Horizontal and Rocking Strong Ground Motions
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents a new method for determining rocking ground motion considering the effects of both time delay and loss of coherency in spatially variable seismic ground motions. Acceleration, velocity, and displacement response spectra resulting from the rocking component are also derived. Next, new seismic intensity parameters are proposed to estimate the combined action of the middle-field horizontal and rocking motions on the earthquake excitation of structures. These seismic intensity parameters are revised forms of the widely used ones for characterizing translational components, namely, peak ground velocity, peak ground displacement, cumulative absolute displacement, acceleration response spectrum, acceleration spectrum intensity, Fajfar intensity, and Kappos spectrum intensity. In addition, an expression for the estimation of the effect of the base tilt due to the rocking ground motion on the structural response is presented. The main advantage of the proposed relations is that they can be easily used to evaluate the approximate effect of the rocking component on the seismic excitation of structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grants No. CMMI-0900179 and CMMI-1129396. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation.
References
Ang, A. H.-S. (1990). “Reliability bases for seismic safety assessment and design.” Proc., 4th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 1, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Palm Springs, CA, 29–45.
Apostol, T. M. (1967). Calculus, volume 1: One-variable calculus, with an introduction to linear algebra, 2nd Ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Arias, A. (1970). “A measure of earthquake intensity.” Seismic design for nuclear power plants, R. J. Hansen, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 438–483.
Basu, D., Constantinou, M. C., and Whittaker, A. S. (2013). “Extracting rotational components of earthquake ground motion using data recorded at multiple stations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(3), 451–468.
Basu, D., Constantinou, M. C., and Whittaker, A. S. (2014). “An equivalent accidental eccentricity to account for the effects of torsional ground motion on structures.” Eng. Struct., 69, 1–11.
Benjamin, J. R. (1988). “A criterion for determining exceedance of the operating basis earthquake.”, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
Bouchon, M., and Aki, K. (1982). “Strain, tilt, and rotation associated with strong ground motion in the vicinity of earthquake faults.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72(]5), 1717–1738.
Bozorgnia, Y., and Campbell, K. W. (2004). “The vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio and tentative procedures for developing simplified V/H and vertical design spectra.” J. Earthquake Eng., 8(2), 175–207.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2005). “Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.” EN1998-6, Eurocode 8, Brussels, Belgium.
Chopra, A. K. (2012). Dynamics of structures, 4th Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Dhileep, M., and Bose, P. R. (2008). “A comparative study of ‘missing mass’ correction methods for response spectrum method of seismic analysis.” Comput. Struct., 86(21–22), 2087–2094.
Dobry, R., Idriss, I. M., and Ng, E. (1978). “Duration characteristics of horizontal components of strong-motion earthquake records.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 68(5), 1487–1520.
Fajfar, P., Vidic, T., and Fischinger, M. (1990). “A measure of earthquake motion capacity to damage medium-period structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 9(5), 236–242.
Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. R. (2014). “Simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes.” Eng. Struct., 59, 141–152.
Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. R., and Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. (2012). “Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering.” J. Seismol., 16(4), 815–827.
Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. R., and Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. (2015). “Rotational components in structural loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 75, 220–233.
Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. R., Zerva, A., and Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. (2016). “Mean absolute input energy for in-plane vibrations of multiple-support structures subjected to horizontal and rocking components.” J. Probab. Eng. Mech., 45, 87–101.
Ghafory-Ashtiany, M., and Singh, M. P. (1986). “Structural response for six correlated earthquake components.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 14(1), 103–119.
Graizer, V. (2006). “Tilts in strong ground motion.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(6), 2090–2102.
Housner, G. W. (1959). “Behavior of structures during earthquakes.” J. Eng. Mech. Div., 85, 109–129.
Kalkan, E., and Graizer, V. (2007). “Coupled tilt and translational ground motion response spectra.” J. Struct. Eng., 609–619.
Kappos, A. J. (1990). “Sensitivity of calculated inelastic seismic response to input motion characteristics.” Proc., 4th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, EERI, Oakland, CA, 25–34.
Lee, W. H. K., et al. (2009). “Review: Progress in rotational ground-motion observations from explosions and local earthquakes in Taiwan.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99(2B), 958–967.
Liu, C. C., Huang, B. S., Lee, W. H. K., and Lin, C. J. (2009). “Observing rotational and translational ground motions at the HGSD station in Taiwan from 2007 to 2008.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99(2B), 1228–1236.
Luco, J. E., and Sotiropouls, D. A. (1980). “Local characterization of free-field ground motion and effects of wave passage.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 70(6), 2229–2244.
Mohraz, B. (1976). “A study of earthquake response spectra for different geological conditions.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 66(3), 915–935.
Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J. (1982). Earthquake spectra and design, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Oakland, CA.
Newmark, N. M., and Rosenblueth, E. (1971). Fundamentals of earthquake engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Niazi, M. (1986). “Inferred displacements, velocities and rotations of a long rigid foundation located at El Centro differential array site during the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 14(4), 531–542.
Nigbor, R. L. (1994). “Six-degree-of-freedom ground-motion measurement.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84(5), 1665–1669.
Oliveira, C. S., and Bolt, B. A. (1989). “Rotational components of surface strong ground motion.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 18(4), 517–526.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Rosenblueth, E. (1976). “Tall buildings under five-component earthquakes.” J. Struct. Div., 102(2), 455–459.
Rutenberg, A., and Heidebrecht, A. C. (1985). “Response spectra for torsion, rocking and rigid foundations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 13(4), 543–557.
SAP2000. (2015). CSI analysis reference manual, Computers & Structures, Berkeley, CA.
Suryanto, W., et al. (2006). “First comparison of array-derived rotational ground motions with direct ring laser measurements.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(6), 2059–2071.
Taflampas, I. M., Spyrakos, C. C., and Koutromanos, I. A. (2009). “A new definition of strong motion duration and related parameters affecting the response of medium-long period structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 29(4), 752–763.
Takeo, M. (1998). “Ground rotational motions recorded in near-source region of earthquakes.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(6), 789–792.
Takeo, M. (2009). “Rotational motions observed during an earthquake swarm in April 1998 offshore Ito, Japan.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99(2B), 1457–1467.
Tolis, S. V., and Faccioli, E. (1990). “Displacement design spectra.” J. Earthquake Eng., 3(1), 107–125.
Trifunac, M. D. (1982). “A note on rotational components of earthquake motions on ground surface for incident body waves.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 1(1), 11–19.
Trifunac, M. D. (2009a). “The nature of site response during earthquakes.” Coupled site and soil-structure interaction effects with applications to seismic risk mitigation, T. Schantz and R. Iankov, eds., Springer, New York, 3–31.
Trifunac, M. D. (2009b). “The role of strong motion rotations in the response of structures near earthquake faults.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 29(2), 382–393.
Trifunac, M. D., and Brady, A. G. (1975). “A study on the duration of strong earthquake ground motion.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 65(3), 581–626.
Uniform Building Code. (1997). “International conference of building officials.” New York.
Von Thun, J. L., Rochim, L. H., Scott, G. A., and Wilson, J. A. (1988). “Earthquake ground motions for design and analysis of dams.” Earthquake engineering and soil dynamics II, recent advances in ground-motion evaluation, ASCE, Reston, VA, 463–481.
Wilson, E. L., and Habibullah, A. (1987). “Static and dynamic analysis of multi-story buildings including P-delta effects.” Earthquake Spectra, 3(2), 289–298.
Zembaty, Z. (2009). “Rotational seismic load definition in Eurocode 8. Part 6: For slender tower-shaped structures.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99(2B), 1483–1485.
Zembaty, Z., and Boffi, G. (1994). “Effect of rotational seismic ground motion on dynamic response of slender towers.” Eur. Earthquake Eng., 1, 3–11.
Zembaty, Z., Rossi, A., and Spagnoli, A. (2016). “Estimation of rotational ground motion effects on the Bell Tower of Parma Cathedral.” Seismic behaviour and design of irregular and complex civil structures II, Springer, New York, 35–48.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 1 • January 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 27, 2015
Accepted: Jul 14, 2016
Published online: Aug 22, 2016
Published in print: Jan 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jan 22, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.