Hybrid Simulation of Thermomechanical Structural Response
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 2
Abstract
A new thermomechanical hybrid simulation method is proposed that extends the mechanical hybrid simulation method by including thermal degrees of freedom and temperature loads. The thermomechanical hybrid simulation method was implemented in the OpenSees and OpenFresco frameworks. Modifications to enable this new capability centered on incorporating the temperature degrees of freedom in the hybrid model domain, and on developing new OpenFresco objects and a test execution strategy to simultaneously control the structural elements of the experimental setup, the thermal loads, and the mechanical loads. The implementation of the thermomechanical method at the ETH Zürich IBK Structural Testing Laboratory was verified and validated using a simple two-element hybrid model. The responses of the model to a force ramp, applied to the full structure, and a scaled version of the ISO 834 standard fire curve, applied to the experimental element, were obtained in two simulations—one conducted using an explicit and the other using an implicit integration scheme. The tests yield very similar results, and both simulations closely match the theoretical solution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mr. Dominik Werne and Mr. Martin Neuenschwander of ETH Zürich for their valuable assistance with preparing the testing equipment. They appreciate OpenFresco code support from Dr. Andreas Schellenberg of University of California, Berkeley and discussions of test data with Prof. Nicola Tondini of University of Trento. ETH Zürich provided funding for this project. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the ETH Zürich.
References
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2002). “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures—Part 1-2: General actions—Actions on structures exposed to fire.”, Brussels, Belgium.
Chen, J., Young, B., and Uy, B. (2006). “Behavior of high strength structural steel at elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng., 1948–1954.
Chen, M., et al. (2012). “Design and construction of a full-scale 5-story base isolated building outfitted with nonstructural components for earthquake testing at the UCSD-NEES facility.” Proc., ASCE Structures Congress, Chicago.
Dwaikat, M. M. S., Kodur, V. K. R., Quiel, S. E., and Garlock, M. E. M. (2011). “Experimental behavior of steel beam-columns subjected to fire-induced thermal gradients.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(1), 30–38.
Elkhoraibi, T., and Mosalam, K. M. (2007). “Towards error-free hybrid simulation using mixed variables.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36(11), 1497–1522.
Franssen, J. M., et al. (1995). “A simple model for the fire resistance of axially-loaded members according to Eurocode 3.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 35(1), 49–69.
Garner, L., and Baddoo, N. R. (2006). “Fire testing and design of stainless steel structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 62(6), 532–543.
Jiang, J., and Usmani, A. (2013). “Modeling of steel frame structures in fire using OpenSees.” Comput. Struct., 118, 90–99.
Kim, H., Whyte, C. A., and Stojadinovic, B. (2010). “Mixed and switch degree-of-freedom control in hybrid simulation.” Proc., 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto.
Kirby, B. R. (1997). “Large scale fire tests: The British Steel European collaborative research programme on the BRE 8-storey frame.” Proc., 5th Int. Symp., International Association for Fire Safety Science, Boston, 1129–1140.
Kitano, T., et al. (2000). “Large scale fire tests of a 4-story type car park. Part 1: The behavior of structural frame exposed to the fire at the deepest part of the first floor.” Proc., 4th Asia-Oceania Symp. on Fire Science and Technology, Tokyo.
Lawson, J. R. (2009). “A history of fire testing.”, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD.
Lee, J., Morovat, M. A., Hu, G., Engelhardt, M. D., and Taleff, E. M. (2013). “Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of ASTM A992 steel at elevated temperatures.” AISC Eng. J., 50(4), 249–272.
Lie, T. T. (1989). “Fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns: A parametric study.” J. Fire Prot. Eng., 1(4), 121–129.
Mahin, S. A., and Williams, M. E. (1981). “Computer controlled seismic performance testing.” 2nd ASCE-EMD Specialty Conf. on Dynamic Response of Structures, Atlanta.
Martins, A. M. B., and Rodrigues, J. P. C. (2010). “Fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns with elastically restrained thermal elongation.” Eng. Struct., 32(10), 3330–3337.
McClamroch, N. H., Serakos, J., and Hanson, R. D. (1981). “Design and analysis of the pseudo-dynamic test method.”, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Mosqueda, G. (2003). “Continuous hybrid simulation with geographically distributed substructures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Mostafaei, H. (2013a). “Hybrid fire testing for assessing performance of structures in fire—Application.” Fire Saf. J., 56, 30–38.
Mostafaei, H. (2013b). “Hybrid fire testing for assessing performance of structures in fire—Methodology.” Fire Saf. J., 58, 170–179.
OpenFresco. (2015). “Open framework for experimental setup and control.” 〈http://openfresco.neesforge.nees.org〉 (Mar. 24, 2015).
OpenSees. (2015). “Open system for earthquake engineering simulation.” 〈http://opensees.berkeley.edu〉 (Mar. 24, 2015).
Outinen, J. (2007). “Mechanical properties of structural steels at elevated temperatures and after cooling down.” Proc., 10th Int. Meeting of Fire and Materials, Interscience Communications, London.
Pauli, J., et al. (2012). “Experiments on steel columns under fire conditions.”, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
Saouma, V. E., and Sivaselvan, M. V. (2008). Hybrid simulation: Theory, implementation and applications, Taylor and Francis, London.
Schellenberg, A. (2008). “Advanced implementation of hybrid simulation.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Scott, M. H., and Haukaas, T. (2008). “Software framework for parameter updating and finite-element response sensitivity analysis.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 281–291.
Stojadinovic, B., Mosqueda, G., and Mahin, S. A. (2006). “Event-driven control system for geographically distributed hybrid simulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 68–77.
Takanashi, K., Udagawa, K., Seki, M., Okada, T., and Tanaka, H. (1975). “Non-linear earthquake response analysis of structures by a computer-actuator on-line system.”, Institute of Industrial Science, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo.
Terzic, V., and Stojadinovic, B. (2014). “Hybrid simulation of bridge response to three-dimensional earthquake excitation followed by a truck load.” J. Struct. Eng., A4014010-1–A4014010-14.
Tondini, N., and Franssen, J.-M. (2013). “Implementation of a weak coupling approach between a CFD and an FE software for fires in compartment.” 5th Int. Conf. on Computational Methods for Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering, International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
Tondini, N., Rossi, B., and Franssen, J.-M. (2013). “Experimental investigation on ferritic stainless steel columns in fire.” Fire Saf. J., 62, 238–248.
Wang, Y. C. (2002). Steel and composite structures: Behaviour and design for fire safety, Spon Press, New York.
Whyte, C. A., and Stojadinovic, B. (2014). “Effect of ground motion sequence on the response of squat reinforced concrete shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., A4014004-1–A4014004-7.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 2 • February 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 24, 2014
Accepted: Apr 28, 2015
Published online: Jul 22, 2015
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2015
Published in print: Feb 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.