Forum
Nov 6, 2014

Cross-Laminated Timber for Seismic Regions: Progress and Challenges for Research and Implementation

Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 4

Abstract

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The NEES-CLT planning project and the Tall CLT workshop are supported by the National Science Foundation under the George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research (NEESR) Program. (Awards CMMI: 1344617; 1344646; 1344798; 1344590; 1344621). The authors would also like to thank the Tall CLT Workshop participants for their comments and discussion. Special thanks to Andrew Harmsworth of GHL Consultants, Amie Sullivan of KPFF, Greg Gilda of DCI Engineers, Kris Spickler of Structurlam Products LP, Leif Johnson of Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Phil Line of American Wood Council, Scott Breneman of WoodWorks, Steve Pfeiffer of Seattle DPD, and Steve Pryor of Simpson Strong-Tie Co. for providing valuable input and suggestion to the presented information regarding challenges and opportunities of CLT in the United States.

References

ABAQUS 3DS [Computer software]. Waltham, MA, Ansys.
Amini, M. O., van de Lindt, J. W., Pei, S., Rammer, D., Line, P., and Popovski, M. (2014). “Overview of a project to quantify seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber structures in the United States.” Materials and joints in timber structures, Springer, Netherlands, 531–541.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE7, Washington, DC.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.” E119-12a, West Conshohocken, PA.
Breneman, S., and Podesto, L. (2013). “Timber skyline: A review of structural systems for high-rise wood structures.” Proc., SEAOC 2013 Convention, Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento, CA.
Ceccotti, A. (2008). “New technologies for construction of medium-rise buildings in seismic regions: The XLAM case.” Struct. Eng. Int., 18(2), 156–165.
Ceccotti, A., Lauriola, M. P., Pinna, M., and Sandhaas, C. (2006). “SOFIE project—Cyclic tests on cross-laminated wooden panels.” Proc., 9th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Ceccotti, A., Sandhaas, C., Okabe, M., Yasumura, M., Minowa, C., and Kawai, N. (2013). “SOFIE project—3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated timber building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(13), 2003–2021.
Dolan, J. D., Bordry, V., Pei, S., and van de Lindt, J. (2014). “Tall cross-laminated timber building: Design and performance session WW300 experimental and modeling studies on wood frame buildings.” Structures Congress 2014, ASCE, Washington, DC, 2886–2893.
DRAIN-3DX [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Univ. of California.
Dujic, B., Aicher, S., and Zarnic, R. (2006). “Testing of wooden wall panels applying realistic boundary conditions.” Proc., 9th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Dujic, B., Pucelj, J., and Zarnic, R. (2004). “Testing of racking behavior of massive wooden wall panels.” Proc., 37th CIB-W18 Meeting, International Council for Building Research and Innovation, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Dujic, B., Strus, K., Zarnic, R., and Ceccotti, A. (2010). “Prediction of dynamic response of a 7-storey massive XLam wooden building tested on a shaking table.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Italian National Research Council, Roma, Italia, 20–24.
Dujic, B., and Zarnic, R. (2006). “Study of lateral resistance of massive X-Lam wooden wall system subjected to horizontal loads.” COST E29 Int. Workshop on Earthquake Engineering on Timber Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Brussels, Belgium, 97–104.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2004). “Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance—Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings.”, Brussels, Belgium.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.” Washington, DC.
Forestry Innovation Investment and Binational Softwood Lumber Council. (2014). “Summary rep.: Survey of international tall wood buildings.” 〈http://www.rethinkwood.com/sites/default/files/wood-resourse-pdf/Survey%20Tall%20Wood_REPORT%20WITHOUT%20APPENDICIES_web.pdf〉 (Oct. 16, 2014).
Fragiacomo, M., Dujic, B., and Sustersic, I. (2011). “Elastic and ductile design of multi-storey crosslam massive wooden buildings under seismic actions.” Eng. Struct., 33(11), 3043–3053.
Gavric, I., Fragiacomo, M., and Ceccotti, A. (2012). “Strength and deformation characteristics of typical XLam connections.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
Hristovski, V., Dujic, B., Stojmanovska, M., and Mircevska, V. (2012). “Full-scale shaking-table tests of XLam panel systems and numerical verification: Specimen 1.” J. Struct. Eng., 2010–2018.
International Code Council. (2013). “Prefabricated wood shear panels.” AC 130, Washington, DC.
Joyce, T., Ballerini, M., and Smith, I. (2011). “Mechanical behaviour of in-plane shear connections between CLT wall panels.” Proc., 44th CIB-W18 Meeting, International Council for Building Research and Innovation, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Karacabeyli, E., and Douglas, B. (2013). CLT handbook, FPInnovations, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada.
Lauriola, M. P., and Sandhaas, C. (2006). “Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic tests on XLAM walls and buildings.” COST E29 Int. Workshop on Earthquake Engineering on Timber Structures, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Brussels, Belgium.
Okabe, M., Yasumura, M., Kobayashi, K., Haramiishi, T., Nakashima, Y., and Fujita, K. (2012). “Effect of vertical load under cyclic lateral load test for evaluating Sugi CLT wall panel.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
OpenSees [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Univ. of California.
Pang, W., Rosowsky, D. V., Pei, S., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2010). “Simplified direct displacement design of six-story woodframe building and pretest seismic performance assessment.” J. Struct. Eng., 813–825.
Pei, S., et al. (2014). “Progress on the development of seismic resilient tall buildings in the Pacific Northwest.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2014, FPInnovations Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada.
Pei, S., Popovski, M., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2012a). “Seismic design of a multi-story cross laminated timber building based on component level testing.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
Pei, S., Popovski, M., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2013). “Analytical study on seismic force modification factors for cross-laminated timber buildings.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 40(9), 887–896.
Pei, S., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2007). User’s manual for SAPWood for windows, version 1.0, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO.
Pei, S., van de Lindt, J. W., and Popovski, M. (2012b). “Approximate R-factor for cross-laminated timber walls in multistory buildings.” J. Archit. Eng., 245–255.
Popovski, M., Gavric, I., and Schneider, J. (2014a). “Performance of two-storey CLT house subjected to lateral loads.”, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Popovski, M., and Karacabeyli, E. (2012). “Seismic behaviour of cross-laminated timber structures.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
Popovski, M., Karacabeyli, E., and Ceccotti, A. (2011). “Seismic performance of cross-laminated timber buildings.” Chapter 4, Canadian design handbook on cross-laminated timber,.
Popovski, M., Pei, S., van de Lindt, J. W., and Karacabeyli, E. (2014b). “Force modification factors for CLT structures for NBCC.” Mater. Joints Timber Struct., 543–553.
Popovski, M., Schneider, J., and Schweinsteiger, M. (2010). “Lateral load resistance of cross-laminated wood panels.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Italian National Research Council, Roma, Italia, 20–24.
Rinaldin, G., Amadio, C., and Fragiacomo, M. (2013). “A component approach for the hysteretic behaviour of connections in cross-laminated wooden structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(13), 2023–2042.
SAP2000 [Computer software]. Walnut Creek, CA, Computers & Structures.
Schneider, J., Stiemer, S. F., Tesfamariam, S., Karacabeyli, E., and Popovski, M. (2012). “Damage assessment of cross laminated timber connections subjected to simulated earthquake loads.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
Sellen Construction. (2013). CLT modular construction: Residential opportunities, Presentation to Lake Union Partners, Seattle.
Shen, Y. L., Schneider, J., Tesfamariam, S., Stiemer, S. F., and Mu, Z. G. (2013). “Hysteresis behavior of bracket connection in cross-laminated-timber shear walls.” Constr. Build. Mater., 48, 980–991.
Sustersic, I., Fragiacomo, M., and Dujic, B. (2012). “Influence of the connection behaviour on the seismic resistance of multi-storey crosslam buildings.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Auckland, New Zealand.
Tavoussi, K., Winter, W., and Pixner, T. (2008). “Development of earthquake bracing systems for multi-storey buildings using slender shear wall elements in cross-laminated timber (CLT).” Research Rep., Vienna Univ. of Technology, Austria.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142Issue 4April 2016

History

Received: Jul 15, 2014
Accepted: Sep 24, 2014
Published online: Nov 6, 2014
Discussion open until: Apr 6, 2015
Published in print: Apr 1, 2016

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

S. Pei, M.ASCE [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80403 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
J. W. van de Lindt, F.ASCE
George T. Abell Distinguished Professor in Infrastructure, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523.
M. Popovski, M.ASCE
Principal Scientist and Quality Manager, Advanced Building Systems, FP Innovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
J. W. Berman, M.ASCE
Thomas & Marilyn Nielsen Associate Professor, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.
J. D. Dolan, F.ASCE
Professor, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164.
J. Ricles, M.ASCE
Bruce G. Johnston Professor of Structural Engineering, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015.
R. Sause, M.ASCE
Joseph T. Stuart Professor, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015.
H. Blomgren, M.ASCE
Associate, Arup, 719 2nd Ave., No. 400, Seattle, WA 98104.
D. R. Rammer, M.ASCE
Research General Engineer, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share