Three-Dimensional Cyclic Beam-Truss Model for Nonplanar Reinforced Concrete Walls
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 3
Abstract
A three-dimensional nonlinear cyclic model for nonplanar reinforced concrete walls is presented. Nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli fiber-section beam elements are used to represent steel and concrete in the vertical direction, and nonlinear trusses are used to represent the steel and concrete in the horizontal direction and the concrete in the diagonal directions. The model represents the effects of flexure-shear interaction by computing the stress and strains in the horizontal and vertical directions and by considering biaxial effects on the behavior of concrete diagonals and accounts for mesh-size effects. The model is validated by comparing the experimentally measured and numerically computed response of three reinforced concrete T-shape, C-shape, and I-shape section wall specimens, respectively, with the response of the latter two characterized by crushing of the concrete in the diagonal direction. The overall force-deformation and local strain responses are presented. Finally, the computed response using the model developed here is compared with the Euler-Bernoulli fiber-section beam models.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2011). “Building code requirements for structural concrete.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
Balkaya, C., and Kalkan, E. (2004). “Three-dimensional effects on openings of laterally loaded pierced shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 1506–1514.
Barbosa, A. R. (2011). “Simplified vector-valued probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and probabilistic seismic demand analysis: Application to the 13-story NEHRP reinforced concrete frame-wall building design example.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Bazant, Z. P., and Planas, J. (1998). Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasibrittle materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Beyer, K., Dazio, A., and Priestley, M. J. N. (2008a). “Quasi-static cyclic tests of two U-shaped reinforced concrete walls.” J. Earthquake Eng., 12(7), 1023–1053.
Beyer, K., Dazio, A., and Priestley, M. J. N. (2008b). “Inelastic wide-column models for U-shaped reinforced concrete walls.” J. Earthquake Eng., 12(S1), 1–33.
Coleman, J., and Spacone, E. (2001). “Localization issues in force-based frame elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 1422–1425.
El-Tawil, S., Kuenzli, C. M., and Hassan, M. (2002). “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. I: Design and modeling.” J. Struct. Eng., 1272–1281.
Filippou, F. C., Popov, E. P., and Bertero, V. V. (1983). “Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Hassan, M., and El-Tawil, S. (2003). “Tension flange effective width in reinforced concrete shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 100(3), 349–356.
Hoshikuma, J., Kawashima, K., Nagaya, K., and Taylor, A. W. (1997). “Stress-strain model for confined reinforced concrete in bridge piers.” J. Struct. Eng., 624–633.
Ile, N., and Reynouard, J. M. (2000). “Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall under earthquake loading.” J. Earthquake Eng., 4(2), 183–213.
Ile, N., and Reynouard, J. M. (2005). “Behaviour of U-shaped walls subjected to uniaxial and biaxial cyclic lateral loading.” J. Earthquake Eng., 9(1), 67–94.
Kotronis, P., and et al. (2009). “The seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls: experiments and modeling.” The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited, Springer, Netherlands, 363–376.
Lu, Y., and Panagiotou, M. (2012). “Three-dimensional nonlinear cyclic beam-truss model for non-planar reinforced concrete walls.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Maekawa, K., Pimanmas, A., and Okamura, H. (2003). Nonlinear mechanics of reinforced concrete, Spon Press, New York.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 1804–1826.
Martinelli, L. (2008). “Modeling shear–flexure interaction in reinforced concrete elements subject to cyclic lateral loading.” ACI Struct. J., 105(6), 675–684.
Mazars, J., Kotronis, P., Ragueneau, F., and Casaux, G. (2006). “Using multifiber beams to account for shear and torsion. Applications to concrete structural elements.” Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 195(52), 7264–7281.
McKenna, F., Fenves, G. L., Scott, M. H., and Jeremic, B. (2000). OpenSees Version 2.3.2 [Computer software]. Berkeley, Univ. of California.
Menegotto, M., and Pinto, P. E. (1973). “Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements under combined normal force andbending.” IABSE Symp. (Lisboa): Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads, Vol. 13, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Zurich, Switzerland, 15–22.
Miki, T., and Niwa, J. (2004). “Nonlinear analysis of RC structural members using 3D lattice model.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 2(3), 343–358.
Oesterle, R. G., Fiorato, A. E., Johal, L. S., Carpenter, L. S., Russell, H. G., and Corley, W. G. (1976). “Earthquake-resistant structural walls—Tests of isolated walls.” Rep. to the National Science Foundation, Construction Technology Laboratories, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Orakcal, K., and Wallace, J. W. (2006). “Flexural modeling of reinforced concrete walls - Experimental verification.” ACI Struct. J., 103(2), 196–206.
Palermo, D., and Vecchio, F. J. (2007). “Simulation of cyclically loaded concrete structures based on the finite-element method.” J. Struct. Eng., 728–738.
Panagiotou, M., Kim, G., Barbosa, A., and Restrepo, J. I. (2009). “Response verification of a reinforced concrete bearing wall building located in an area of high seismic hazard.” Rep. prepared for the Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Panagiotou, M., Restrepo, J. I., Schoettler, M., and Kim, G. (2012). “Nonlinear cyclic truss model for reinforced concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J., 109(2), 205–214.
Petrangeli, M. (1999). “Fibre element for cyclic bending and shear of RC structures. II: Verification.” J. Eng. Mech., 1002–1009.
Petrangeli, M., Pinto, P. E., and Ciampi, C. (1999). “Fiber element for cyclic bending and shear of RC structures. I: Theory.” J. Eng. Mech., 994–1001.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1993). “Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete shear walls.” Civil Engineering Studies, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana.
Stevens, N. J., Uzumeri, S. M., Collins, M. P., and Will, T. G. (1991). “Constitutive model for reinforced concrete finite element analysis.” ACI Struct. J., 88(1), 49–59.
Thomsen, J. H., and Wallace, J. W. (1995). “Displacement-based design for reinforced concrete structural walls: an experimental investigation of walls for rectangular and T-shaped cross-sections.”, Clarkson Univ., Potsdam, NY.
Thomsen, J. H., and Wallace, J. W. (2004). “Displacement-based design of slender reinforced concrete structural walls—experimental verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 618–630.
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. (1986). “The modified compression-field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 83(2), 219–231.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 2, 2012
Accepted: Apr 11, 2013
Published online: Apr 13, 2013
Published in print: Mar 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Apr 7, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.