Cyclic Response of Nonductile Reinforced Concrete Frames with Unreinforced Masonry Infills Retrofitted with Engineered Cementitious Composites
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 2
Abstract
A new seismic retrofit technique for unreinforced masonry infills in nonductile reinforced concrete frames is presented. The objective was to develop a light and easy to apply retrofit technique for the infills that both delays shear failure at the columns of the nonductile bounding frame when subjected to an earthquake by preventing severe deterioration of the infill wall, and enhances the ductility of the system. The retrofit technique uses sprayable engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), a micromechanically designed cement-based material reinforced with short, randomly distributed polymeric fibers. Four small-scale unreinforced masonry infilled nonductile reinforced concrete frames were tested under in-plane quasi-static cyclic lateral loading. One unretrofitted wall and three different retrofit schemes were evaluated. Continuous steel reinforcement was embedded in the ECC layer and a bonding agent was applied between the masonry wall and the ECC layer. In two retrofits the impact of two different schemes using shear dowels to connect the concrete beams with the ECC retrofit were examined. The tests have demonstrated that the ECC retrofit strategy can enhance substantially the ductility of the structural system as it undergoes cyclic lateral loading.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is sponsored by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF-NEESR Grant No. 0530737). The authors thank Soares Masonry Inc. for the generous donation of building the infill walls as well as Williams Form, Kuraray Co. Ltd., U.S. Silica Company, Salt River Materials Group, Univar USA Inc., LaFarge, and Kerneos Inc for additional material donations. Collaboration and input from Professors Benson Shing and Kaspar Willam as well as the professional advisory panel of Joseph Maffei, Greg Kingsley, Dave Brieholtz, John Kariotis, Ron Mayes, Paul Murray, and Mike Valley are gratefully acknowledged.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1936). “Building regulations for reinforced concrete.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
ASTM. (2010a). “Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale).” ASTM C216-10, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010b). “Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” ASTM C39/C39M-10, West Conshohocken, PA.
Billington, S. L., Kyriakides, M. A., Blackard, B., Willam, K., Stavridis, A., and Shing, P. B. (2009). “Evaluation of a sprayable, ductile cement-based composite for the seismic retrofit of unreinforced masonry infills.” Proc., ATC & SEI Conf. on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures, Applied Technology Council and Structural Engineering Institute, San Francisco, CA.
Blackard, B., Willam, K., and Mettupulayam, S. (2009). “Experimental observations of masonry infilled RC frames with openings.” ACI Special Publication SP-265, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
Caughey, R. A. (1933). Reinforced concrete—Mechanics and design, Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI.
Hamid, A. A., El-Dakahakhni, W. W., Hakam, H. R., and El Gally, M. (2005). “Behavior of composite unreinforced masonry-fiber-reinforced polymer wall assemblages under in-plane loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 73–83.
Karantoni, F. V., and Fardis, M. N. (1992). “Effectiveness of seismic strengthening techniques for masonry buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 1884–1902.
Kim, Y. Y., Kong, H. J., and Li, V. C. (2003). “Design of engineered cementitious composite suitable for wet-mixture shotcreting.” ACI Mater. J., 100(6), 511–518.
Koutromanos, I., Kyriakides, M., Stavridis, A., Billington, S., and Shing, P. B. (2013). “Shake-table tests of a three-story masonry-infilled RC frame retrofitted with composite materials.” J. Struct. Eng., 139, 1340–1351.
Kyriakides, M. A. (2011). “Seismic retrofit of unreinforced masonry infills in non-ductile reinforced concrete frames using engineered cementitious composites.” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Kyriakides, M. A., Hendriks, M. A. N., and Billington, S. L. (2012). “Simulation of unreinforced masonry beams retrofitted with engineered cementitious composites in flexure.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 506–515.
Li, V. C. (2003). “On engineered cementitious composites (ECC)—A review of the material and its applications.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 1(3), 215–230.
Li, V. C., et al. (1994). “On the shear behavior of engineered cementitious composites.” J. Adv. Cement Based Mater., 1(3), 142–149.
Mander, J. B., Nair, B., Wojtkowski, K., and Ma, J. (1993). “An experimental study on the seismic performance of brick-infilled steel frames with and without retrofit.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC). (2008). Building code requirements for masonry structures, Masonry Society, Detroit.
Mehrabi, A. B., Shing, P. B., Schuller, M. P., and Noland, J. L. (1994). “Performance of masonry-infilled R/C frames under in-plane lateral loads.”, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
Oesterle, R. G., Fiorato, A. E., Johal, L. S., Carpenter, J. E., Russel, H. G., and Corley, W. G. (1976). “Earthquake-resistant structural walls—Tests of isolated walls.” Rep. to National Science Foundation, Construction Technology Laboratories, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Sittipunt, C., Wood, S., Lukkunaprasit, P., and Pattararattanakul, P. (2001). “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls with diagonal web reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., 98(4), 554–562.
Stavridis, A. (2009). “Analytical and experimental study of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with masonry walls.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Triantafillou, T. C. (1998). “Strengthening of masonry structures using epoxy-bonded FRP laminates.” J. Compos. Constr., 96–104.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 6, 2012
Accepted: Feb 25, 2013
Published online: Oct 4, 2013
Published in print: Feb 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Mar 4, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.