Three-Dimensional Wharf Response to Far-Field and Impulsive Near-Field Ground Motions in Liquefiable Soils
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 8
Abstract
Seismic performance evaluation of wharf structures constitutes the core of the vulnerability assessment of seaport infrastructure exposed to seismic events. Because this performance will depend on complex interactions between the surrounding potentially liquefiable soils and wharf foundation and structure, detailed and careful implementation of advanced modeling techniques is needed. These models are required to capture such highly nonlinear phenomena as permanent seaward deformation of embankment soils, soil-structure interaction in liquefiable soils, spread of plasticity in prestressed piles, and force-deformation of pile-deck connections. This study utilizes such modeling approaches to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear response of a typical pile-supported container wharf structure in liquefiable embankment soils. Input excitations for this analysis consist of embankment soil deformations for a far-field and an impulsive near-field ground motion. These excitations are derived using two-dimensional (2D) plane strain free-filed analyses for transverse (seaward-landward) and vertical directions and a spectral matching technique for the longitudinal (parallel to shoreline) direction. Results of these 3D analyses show that the oscillating component of embankment deformations is the primary contributor to the maximum response of the piles sections and pile-deck connections, and that effects of permanent deformations of the embankment soil are much smaller. The analysis results also demonstrate the importance of the structure’s 3D response characteristics, including longitudinal and torsional responses of the structure that are comparable to the transverse wharf responses during large amplitude oscillating embankment deformations owing to impulsive near-field motions. These important 3D response characteristics are not captured by more typical 2D wharf response analyses. Detailed comparisons of the responses of the 3D wharf model to corresponding responses from the 2D model of the wharf are provided.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. CMS-0530478 and CMS-0402490. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
References
Abrahamson, N. A. (1998). “Non-stationary spectral matching program RSPMATCH.” Internal Rep., Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco.
ASTM. (1995). “Standard specification for low alloy steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement.” A706, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1997). “Standard specification for steel strand, uncoated seven-wired for prestressed concrete.” A416, West Conshohocken, PA.
Blandon, C. A., Bell, J. K., Restrepo, J. I., Weismair, M., Jaradat, O., and Yin, P. (2011). “Assessment of Seismic performance of two pile-deck wharf connections.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 25(2), 98–104.
Boulanger, R. W., Kutter, B. L., Brandenberg, S. J., Singh, P., and Chang, D. (2003). “Pile foundations in liquefied and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes: Centrifuge experiments and analyses.” Rep. No. UCD/CGM-03/01, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Burden, L. I. (2011). “Earthquake risk assessment in container port systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Chiou, B., Darragh, R., Gregor, N., and Silva, W. (2008). “NGA project strong-motion database.” Earthq. Spectra, 24(S1), 23–44.
Dafalias, Y. F., and Manzari, M. T. (2004). “Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects.” J. Eng. Mech., 130(6), 622–634.
De Souza, R. M. (2000). “Force-based finite element for large displacement inelastic analysis of frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Dodds, A. M., Martin, G. R., Arulmoli, K., Bauleka, W., and Toan, D. V. (2004). “Lifeline upgrade for a wharf in soft ground.” Proc., Geo Trans, Geo-Institute of the American Soc. of Civil Engineers, Los Angeles, 1739–1746.
Donahue, M. J., Dickenson, S. E., Miller, T. H., and Yim, S. C. (2005). “Implications of the observed seismic performance of a pile-supported wharf for numerical modeling.” Earthq. Spectra, 21(3), 617–634.
Green, R. A., et al. (2011). “Geotechnical aspects of failures at Port-au-Prince Seaport during the 12 January 2010 Haiti Earthquake.” Earthq. Spectra, 27(S43), S43–S65.
He, W. L., and Agrawal, A. K. (2008). “Analytical model of ground motion pulses for the design and assessment of seismic protective systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(7), 1177–1188.
Iai, S., Matsunaga, Y., and Kameoka, T. (1990). “Strain space plasticity model for cyclic mobility.” Soils Found., 32, 1–15.
Karsan, I. D., and Jirsa, J. O. (1969). “Behavior of concrete under compressive loadings.” J. Struct. Div., 95(12), 2543–2563.
Kent, D. C., and Park, R. (1971). “Flexural members with confined concrete.” J. Struct. Div., 97(ST7), 1969–1990.
Lehman, D. E., Brackmann, E., Jellin, A., and Roeder, C. W. (2009). “Seismic performance of pile-wharf connections.” Proc., TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, ASCE, Reston, VA, 865–877.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Div., 114(8), 1804–1826.
Mavroeidis, G. P., and Papageorgiou, A. S. (2003). “A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions.” B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93(3), 1099–1131.
McCullough, N. J., Dickenson, S. E., and Schlechter, S. M. (2004). “The seismic performance of piles in waterfront applications.” Proc., Ports’01: America’s Ports-Gateway to the Global Economy, T. J. Collins, ed., ASCE, Reston, VA, Norfolk, VA.
McKenna, F., and Fenves, G. L. (2001). OpenSees command language manual. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 〈http://opensees.ce.berkeley.edu〉.
McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2010). “Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 24(1), 95–107.
Menegotto, M., and Pinto, P. E. (1973). “Method of analysis of cyclically loaded RC plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements under normal force and bending.” Proc., Symp. Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Struc. Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads, IABSE Reps., 13, 15–22.
Meneses, J., and Arduino, P. (2011). “Preliminary observations of the effects of ground failure and tsunami on the major ports of Ibaraki prefecture.” GEER Assoc. Rep. No. GEER-025c, Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance, Tohoku, Japan 〈http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Tohoku_Japan_2011/QR3_Preliminary_Observations_Major_Ports_Ibaraki_Prefecture_(05-17-11).pdf〉.
Na, U. J., Chaudhuri, S. R., and Shinozuka, M. (2009). “Performance evaluation of pile-supported wharf under seismic loading.” Proc., TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1032–1041.
Nagle, K. (2009a). “Healthy, vibrant seaports support economic resurgence.” Trade and Industry Development Magazine, Nov./Dec., 14–16.
Nagle, K. (2009b). “Healthy seaports deliver more than goods.” The Propeller Club Quarterly, Fall 2009, 10.
Open Source for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSEES) 2.4.0 [Computer software]. Berkely, CA, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges, Wiley Interscience, New York.
Roth, W. H., and Dawson, E. M. (2003). “Analyzing the seismic performance of wharves, part 2: SSI analysis with non-linear, effective-stress soil models.” Proc., 6th U.S. Conf. and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, Long Beach, CA, 395–404.
Roth, W. H., Dawson, E. M., Mehrain, M., and Sayegh, A. (2003). “Analyzing the seismic performance of wharves, part 1: Structural-engineering approach.” Proc., 6th U.S. Conf. and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, Long Beach, CA, 385–394.
Shafieezadeh, A. (2011). “Seismic vulnerability assessment of wharf structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta.
Shafieezadeh, A., DesRoches, R., Rix, G. J., and Werner, S. D. (2011). “Seismic performance of pile-supported wharf structures considering soil-structure interaction in liquefied soil.” Earthq. Spectra, 28(2), 729–757.
Smith, D., Naesgaard, E., and Kullmann, H. (2004). “Seismic design of a new pile and deck structure adjacent to existing caissons founded on potentially liquefiable ground in Vancouver, BC.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Somerville, P. G., Smith, N., Punyamurthula, S., and Sun, J. (1997). “Development of ground motion time-histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC steel project.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/04, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA.
Spacone, E., Filippou, F. C., and Taucer, F. F. (1996). “Fiber beam-column model for non-linear analysis of R/C frames: Part I. Formulation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 25(7), 711–725.
Teraoka, M., and Fujii, S. (2000). “Seismic damage and performance evaluation of R/C beam-column joints.” Second US–Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Engineering for Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, Japan Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Tokyo, 379–390.
Towhata, I., and Ishihara, K. (1985). “Modeling soil behavior under principal stress axes rotation.” 5th Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Taylor & Francis, Florence, KY, 523–530.
Varun, V. (2010). “A nonlinear dynamic macroelement for soil-structure interaction analyses in liquefiable sites.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta.
Varun, V., Assimaki, D., Shafieezadeh, A. (2013). “Soil–pile–structure interaction simulations in liquefiable soils via dynamic macroelements: Formulation and validation.” Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng., 47, 92–107.
Vytiniotis, A. (2012). “Contributions to the analysis and mitigation of liquefaction in loose sand slopes.” Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Werner, S. D., et al. (2011). “Seismic performance of Port de Port-au-Prince during the Haiti earthquake and post-earthquake restoration of cargo throughput.” Earthq. Spectra, 27(S1), S387–S410.
Yassin, M. (1994). “Nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete structures under monotonic and cyclic loads.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 8 • August 2013
Pages: 1395 - 1407
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 19, 2011
Accepted: Jul 20, 2012
Published online: Aug 10, 2012
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.