Demonstration of Compatible Yielding between Soil-Foundation and Superstructure Components
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 8
Abstract
Although the nonlinear behavior of rocking shallow foundations has been experimentally and numerically demonstrated as an effective tool to dissipate vibrational energy during seismic loading, the engineering community has yet to uniformly accept it as a targeted design mechanism for diffusing seismic energy in a structure. This paper presents results of a centrifuge test program that incorporated inelastic behavior into model building systems via yielding of both structural and foundation components. Three 2-story-1-bay building models were designed with similar layouts but different combinations of foundation and structural component yield strengths and were shaken with a similar suite of earthquake motions. Measurements of behavior of each of the model buildings are presented and cross-compared in terms of time history responses, hysteretic responses of the structural and foundation fuses, and maximum response parameters. A balanced design configuration, wherein the rocking foundation and structural fuse are intended to yield at approximately the same load, is demonstrated to be a well-controlled seismic-resisting system, with greatly reduced seismic ductility demand on the structural components. Moreover, seismic energy is well distributed among the targeted yielding components. In contrast, if the footing is restrained from rocking, the structural component ductility demand is significantly greater than that compared to its demand when the foundation is allowed to rock. In essence, the foundation rocking dominated model demonstrates its ability to protect the superstructure from seismic demands. In contrast, when the rocking foundation capacity is more than twice that of the structural fuse, rotations at the foundations are reduced significantly, at the price of much larger demands to the superstructure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The experimental investigation described herein is supported by the National Science Foundation NEESR program under Award No. CMMI-0936503. Assistance was provided by Dr. Lijun Deng, Christine Wittich, and Danielle Locklar throughout this test program. Assistance during testing was also provided by the staff at the University of California at Davis NEES facility and the University of California at San Diego Powell laboratory, including but not limited to Dr. Dan Wilson, Chad Justice, Anatoliy Ganchenko, Peter Rojas, Ray Gerhard, Lars Pedersen, and Stephen Porter. This support is greatly appreciated. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsoring organization.
References
Allotey, N. K., and El Naggar, M. H. (2008). “An investigation into the Winkler modeling of the cyclic response of rigid footings.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 28(1), 44–57.
Anastasopoulos, I., Gazetas, G., Loli, M., Apostolou, M., and Gerolymos, N. (2010). “Soil failure can be used for seismic protection of structures.” Bull. Earthquake Eng., 8(2), 309–326.
ASCE. (2007). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.” ASCE/SEI 41-06, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-10, Reston, VA.
Bartlett, P. E. (1976). “Foundation rocking on a clay soil.” M.E. thesis, Univ. of Auckland, School of Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Chang, B. J., Raychowdhury, P., Hutchinson, T. C., Thomas, J., Gajan, S., and Kutter, B. K. (2007). “Evaluation of the seismic performance of combined frame-wall-foundation structural systems through centrifuge testing.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.
Chatzigogos, C. T., Pecker, A., and Salençon, J. (2009). “Macroelement modeling of shallow foundations.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 29(5), 765–781.
Chopra, A. K. (2007). Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Deng, L., Kutter, B. L., and Kunnath, S. (2012). “Centrifuge modeling of bridge systems designed for rocking foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(3), 335–344.
El Ganainy, H., and El Naggar, M. H. (2009). “Efficient 3D nonlinear Winkler model for shallow foundations.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 29(8), 1236–1248.
Figini, R., Paolucci, R., and Chatzigogos, C. T. (2012). “A macro-element model for non-linear soil-shallow foundation-structure interaction under seismic loads: theoretical development and experimental validation on large scale tests.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 41(3), 475–493.
Gajan, S., and Kutter, B. L. (2008). “Capacity, settlement, and energy dissipation of shallow footings subjected to rocking.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Engrg., 134(8), 1129–1141.
Gajan, S., and Kutter, B. L. (2009). “Contact interface model for shallow foundations subjected to combined cyclic loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(3), 407–419.
Hakhamaneshi, M., Kutter, B. L., Deng, L., Hutchinson, T. C. and Liu, W. (2011a). “New findings from centrifuge modeling of rocking shallow foundations in clayey ground.” Proc., ASCE 2012 Geo-congress, ASCE Reston, VA.
Hakhamaneshi, M., Kutter, B. L., Hutchinson, T. C., and Liu, W. (2011b). “Compatible soil and structure yielding to improve system performance.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-11/07, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Housner, G. W. (1963). “The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 53(2), 403–417.
Kutter, B. L. (1995). “Recent advances in centrifuge modeling of seismic shaking.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake. Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Vol. 2, Univ. of Missouri, Rolla, MO, 927–942.
Liu, W., Hakhamaneshi, M., Kutter, B. L., and Hutchinson, T. C. (2011). “Compatible soil and structure yielding to improve system performance.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-11/07, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Mylonakis, G., Nikolaou, S., and Gazetas, G. (2006). “Footing under seismic loading: Analysis and design issues with emphasis on bridge foundations.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 26(9), 824–853.
Nakaki, D. K., and Hart, G. C. (1987). “Uplifting response of structures subjected to earthquake motions.” Rep. No. 2.1-3, U.S.-Japan Coordinated Program for Masonry Building Research, Ewing/Kariotis/Englekirk and Hart, Los Angeles.
Negro, P., Paolucci, R., Pedretti, S., and Faccioli, E. (2000). “Large-scale soil-structure interaction experiments on sand under cyclic loading.” Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering.
OpenSees [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Paolucci, R., Shirato, M., and Yilmaz, M. T. (2008). “Seismic behavior of shallow foundations: Shaking table experiments vs numerical modeling.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 37(4), 577–595.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Wiley, New York.
Pecker, A., and Chatzigogos, C. T. (2010). “Non linear soil structure interaction: impact on the seismic response of structures.” Earthquake engineering in Europe, geotechnical, geological, and earthquake engineering, M. Garevski and A. Ansal, eds., Vol. 17, Springer, New York, 79–103.
Psycharis, I. N. (1982). “Dynamic behavior of rocking structures allowed to uplift.” Ph.D. dissertation, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
Raychowdhury, P., and Hutchinson, T. C. (2009). “Performance evaluation of a nonlinear Winkler-based shallow foundation model using centrifuge test results.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 38(5), 679–698.
Raychowdhury, P., and Hutchinson, T. C. (2010). “Performance of seismically loaded shearwalls on nonlinear shallow foundations.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 35(7), 846–858.
Rosebrook, K. R., and Kutter, B. L. (2001a). “Soil-foundation-structure interaction: Shallow foundations.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-01/09, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Rosebrook, K. R., and Kutter, B. L. (2001b). “Soil-foundation-structure interaction: Shallow foundations.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-01/10, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Rosebrook, K. R., and Kutter, B. L. (2001c). “Soil-foundation-structure interaction: Shallow foundations.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-01/11, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Shirato, M., Kouno, T., Asai, R., Nakani, S., Fukui, J., and Paolucci, R. (2008). “Large-scale experiments on nonlinear behavior of shallow foundations subjected to large earthquakes.” Soils Found., 48(5), 673–692.
Stewart, J. P., Seed, R. B., and Fenves, G. L. (1999). “Seismic soil-structure interaction in buildings. II: Empirical findings.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(1), 38–48.
Taylor, C. A., and Crewe, A. J. (1996). “Shaking table tests of simple direct foundations.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering.
Trombetta, N. W., Mason, H. B., Chen, Z., Hutchinson, T. C., Bray, J. D., and Kutter, B. L. (2013). “Nonlinear dynamic foundation and frame structure response observed in geotechnical centrifuge experiments.” Soil Dynamics Earthquake Eng., 50, 117–133.
Wiessing, P. R. (1979). “Foundation rocking on sand.” M.E. thesis, Univ. of Auckland, School of Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Yim, C. S., and Chopra, A. K. (1984). “Earthquake response of structures with partial uplift on Winkler foundation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 12(2), 263–281.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 21, 2011
Accepted: Apr 24, 2012
Published online: Apr 26, 2012
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.